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Eval Science > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The study of the distribution of disease and determinants of disease frequency in populations

A

Epidemiology

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2
Q

The study of “causes” of disease

A

Epidemiology

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3
Q

To control health problems and improve health at the population level

A

Goal of epidemiology

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4
Q

“Counting” the causes of morbidity and mortality.

A

Operationally

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5
Q

Determining variables associated with causes of morbidity and mortality

A

Operationally

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6
Q
  • Identifying factors that are “causes” and are potentially modifiable.
  • Guiding (and evaluating) interventions to improve public health.
A

Operationally

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7
Q

Do death. disease and disability occur at random?

A

No

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8
Q

Can be identified through the systematic investigation of human populations

A

Causal factors

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9
Q

What can lead to preventive intervention?

A

Identifying causal factors

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10
Q

Good or bad: Chemical, biological, physical, psychological, educational, etc

A

Exposure

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11
Q

Good or bad: disease, cure, improved attitude, longer life, better QOL (quality of life), etc.

A

Outcome

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12
Q

The usual occurrence of a disease in a given population

A

Endemic

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13
Q

A meaningful increase in the occurrence of a disease in a given population.

A

Epidemic

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14
Q

Spread of a disease across a large region or worldwide.

A

Pandemic

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15
Q

exposure of Interest

A

Independent variable

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16
Q

Outcome of interest

A

Dependent variable

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17
Q

Epidemiology is fundamentally concerned with

A

Populations

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18
Q

An identifiable relation between an exposure and a disease

A

Association

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19
Q

Xerostomia is _____ with higher caries incidence.

A

Associated

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20
Q

Incidence rate of oral and pharyngeal cancer is higher among smokers than among nonsmokers

A

Association example

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21
Q

How do we look for a cause?

A

Methodological question

22
Q

What is a cause?

A

Ontological questions

23
Q

How do we decide if there is enough evidence to act on a cause?

A

Ethical question

24
Q

An event, condition, or characteristic that preceded the disease and without which the disease would not have occurred at all or would not have occurred until some later time.

A

Cause

25
Q
  • Strength of the association.
  • Dose-response relationship.
  • Temporal sequence.
  • Biologic credibility.
  • Consistency of findings across studies
A

Criteria for assessing causality

26
Q

Is there a strong E – D relationship?

Smoking & lung cancer

A

Strength of association

27
Q

Does risk increase with increased exposure?

A

Dose-Response Relationship

28
Q

Does the exposure precede the disease?

A

Temporal sequence

29
Q

Is there a known biologic basis for the relationship?

e.g., tobacco and lung cancer

A

Biologic credibility

30
Q

What does biologic credibility depend on?

A

Current state of knowledge

31
Q

Do multiple studies report similar findings regarding the E – D relationship?
(e.g., tobacco and lung cancer)

A

Consistency of findings

32
Q

What can studies differ by?

A
  • Investigator
  • Methodology
  • Study population
33
Q

Identify a disease of interest.

Identify exposures of interest “risk factors”.

Statistical associations between exp. /disease.

Hold constant factors that may be “mixed up” in this measure of association.

Infer a causal association.

Recommend intervention

A

Epidemiologic approach

34
Q

Measuring disease occurrence is fundamental in epidemiology.

A

Quantification in epideiology

35
Q

4 types of scales in quantification

A
  • Nominal Scale
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
36
Q

Uses names

A

Nominal scale

37
Q

Follows an order based on severity

A

Ordinal scale

38
Q

Follows a mathematical order but has no true zero

A

Interval scale

39
Q

Follows a mathematical order and has a defined true zero

A

Ratio scale

40
Q

Depending on the time element we can also quantify cases as prevalent or incident by either measuring:

A
  • Prevalence proportion

- Incidence rate

41
Q

Equation for prevalance proportion

A 
# of cases / # person in population
(at a specific time)
42
Q

Specified time interval can be a ‘point’ or ‘period’ of time

A

Prevalance proportion

43
Q

Forty five (45) D1 students out of one hundred and five (105) have at least one active carious lesion

A

Prevalence proportion

44
Q

Incidence rate equation

A 
# of new cases of disease/population at risk 
(Over a time period)
45
Q

7 new cases of periodontal disease per 105 D1 students in 2010.

A

Incidence rate

46
Q

Is prevalence a rate?

A

NO

47
Q

Is incidence a rate?

A

Yes

48
Q

What does incidence need to be relevant

A

A time unit

49
Q

Concerned with the number of new cases among persons at risk for a specific follow-up period

A

Incidence rates

50
Q

With regards to diagnosis, prognosis or

causation, longitudinal studies such as _____________ are appropriate

A

Cohort studies

Eval Science (4 decks)

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