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Physiology > Lecture #6 > Flashcards

Lecture #6 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  1. Fluid Recovery
  2. Immunity
  3. Lipid
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2
Q

Immunity 3 lines of defence?

A
  1. External Barriers
    - Skin, mucous membrane, trachea
  2. Non-specific (innate) Defense Mechanism
    - protective proteins, cells, and processes
  3. Adaptive Immune System
    - Leaves body with a memory of the pathogen
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3
Q

Pathogen

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites , toxins

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4
Q

Innate Immunity Principal characteristics

A
  • is rapid response
  • fixed
  • broad specificities
  • constant
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5
Q

Adaptive Immunity principal characteristics

A
  • slow response
  • variable
  • numerous highly selective specificities
  • improve during response
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6
Q

Innate Immunity consists of ….

A

Two parts

  1. Pathogen recognition
  2. Recruitment of destructive effector mechanism
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7
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins

A

-creates a pore in the membrane and destructs the infected cell

  • interferons
  • complement pathways
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8
Q

The Innate Immune response causes Inflammation

A
  1. Bacteria is introduces
  2. Vasodilation occurs
  3. Infected tissue becomes inflamed, causing redness, heat, swelling and pain
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9
Q

Adaptive Immunity consists of …..

A

1) Specificity

2) Memory

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10
Q

Classes of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. Natural Active Immunity - production of owns antibodies/ T cells as a result of natural exposure to an antigen
  2. Artificial Immunity - production of owns antibodies or T cell by vaccination
  3. Natural Passive Immunity - Temporary immunity that results from acquiring antibodies produced by another person ie. baby and mom
  4. Artificial Passive Immunity - temporary immunity that results from injection of an immune serum obtained by another person i.e. snake bites
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11
Q

B cell encounters a antigen

A

mature into a plasma cell which secretes antibodies

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12
Q

T cells encounter antigen

A

mature into Effector T cells;

  1. cytotoxic T cells - kill cells with virus
  2. Helper T cells - secrete cytokines, help with immunity and controls activities of other T cells
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13
Q

Antigen

A

Structure on macromolecule, virus, or cell that is recognized and bound by an immunoglobin (ig’s) and T cell receptors

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14
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • immunity due to antibodies
  • neutralization
  • opsonization - flagging for destruction coating of pathogen by antibody to facilitate phagocytosis
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15
Q

Vaccination

A

Serve disease prevented by prior exposure to the infectious agent in a form that cannot cause disease

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16
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

circulatory system

A

heart, blood vessels, and the blood

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18
Q

Left side of the heart

A

pumping blood to all the organs in the body

19
Q

Right Side of the heart

A

pumps blood into pulmonary truck

20
Q

Function of valves

A
  • ensure one way blood flow

- open and close in response to changes in pressure

21
Q

Atrioventicular Valves

A
  • one way flow from the atria to ventricles
  • tricuspid means 3 cups/ leaflets

-bicuspid means one way flow from the ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

22
Q

Valves of the Heart have

A

chordae tendinae: attach to papillary muscles

  • prevents backward explosion (prolapse)
23
Q

Diastole

A
  • ventricles are relaxed
  • pressure drops inside ventricles
  • semilunar valves close as blood tries to back up
  • AV valves open
  • Blood flow from atria to ventricles
24
Q

Systole

A
  • Ventricles contract
  • AV valves close as blood tries to back up
  • pressure rises inside of ventricles

_ semilunar valves open and blood flow into great vessels

25
Q

Heart has its own circulatory system

A

5% of blood bumped by the heart is to pump the heart through the coronary circulation

26
Q

Angina

A

Angina pectoris – is chest pain from partial obstruction of coronary blood flow

27
Q

Myocardial infarction (MI)

A

Heart Attack –sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of the coronary circulation

28
Q

Myocardial Ischemia

A

ischemia means lack of blood flow

29
Q

Automaticity

A

describes that heart cells can spontaneous depolarize to threshold without any information

30
Q

Rhythmicity

A

heart’s conduction is in a regular manner, ie. regular generation of an action potential

31
Q

Electrical conduction through the heart

A
  • electrical signal initiates muscle contrations
  • electrical signals travel from cell to cell through gap junctions
  • Conduction system — coordinates the heartbeat
32
Q

Pacemaker of the heart is located

A

in the right atrium

33
Q

Membrane Potentials

A

Intracellular K+> (greater than) Extracellular K+

Intraceullar Na< (less than) Extracellular Na+

34
Q

Pacemaker

A

Sa node does not have a stable resting membrane potential

  1. starts at -60mV
  2. gradual depolarization called pacemaker potential
  3. reaches threshold og -40mV K+ channels open and repolarization occurs
  4. K+ channels close, pacemaker potential starts again

SA nodes fire every 0.8 seconds setting the Resting Rate at 75bpm
q

35
Q

Cardiac Action potential

A
  1. Na+ channels open
  2. Na+ depolarizes the membrane and opens more Na+ channels
  3. Na+ channels close, voltage peaks at nearly +30mV
  4. Ca2+ enters slowing, prolongs depolarization,creates plateau. falls slightly b/c K+ leakage
  5. Ca+ channels close and Ca2+ is transported out of the cell. K+ channels open and rapid K+ outflow returns membrane to its resting potential
36
Q

Electrocardiograms (ECG/EKG)

A

measure the electrical activity of the heart

37
Q

P wave

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize and contracts

38
Q

PQ segment

A

Atrial contraction (atrial systole)

39
Q

QRS complex

A
  • ventricular depolarization

- complex shape of spike due to different thickness and shape of the two ventricles

40
Q

ST segment

A

ventricular systole

41
Q

T wave

A

ventricular are depolarizing and relaxing

42
Q

Pressure

A

impels fluid to move

- according to pressure gradient (high to low)

43
Q

Resistance

A

opposes flow

Physiology (9 decks)

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