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Physiology > Lecture #11 > Flashcards

Lecture #11 Flashcards

1
Q

Define biparental and Gametes

A

Biparental- means offspring receive genes from two parents

Gametes - sex cell produced by each parent

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2
Q

Gametes are combined to form a?

A

zygote (or a fertilized egg)

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3
Q

Sperm

A
  • has motility
  • parent with Y chromosome is male
  • produced in testes
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4
Q

Egg (ovum)

A
  • female parent, lacking Y chromosomes
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5
Q

Male reproductive system’s Purpose

A

produce sperm and introduce them into the female body

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6
Q

Female reproductive system’s purpose

A

produce eggs, receive sperms, provide gametes’ union, carries fetus, and nourishes offspring

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7
Q

Puberty

A

-occurs during the first few years of adolescence
maked by periods in girls at age 12
and ejectulation in boys age 14

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8
Q

Physical Characteristics of Puberty

A
  1. Growth of sex organs
  2. Testosterone stimulates generalized body growth
  3. Erythropoiesis, basal metabolic rate, and increase in appetite
  4. Pubic hair, axillary hair, and facial hair develop in response to
    dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
  5. Stimulates sperm production and libido (sex drive)
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9
Q

What is GnRH

A

as hypothalamus matures it produces GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary cells to secrete

1) FSH
2) LH

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10
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone responsible for stimulating sustentacular cells that secrete androgen-binding protiens that bind to testosterone (stimulates spermatogenesis)

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11
Q

LH

A 
Luteinizing Hormone (LH:)
stimulates interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone
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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

process of sperm production in seminiferous tubules of testes

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13
Q

If a male animal is castrated would you expect the FSH and LH levels to rise, fall, or be unaffected

A

levels to rise because the testes are removed because testosterone is none longer there so the negative feedback loop isn’t there

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14
Q

What does Testosterone do?

A
  • sustains the male reproductive tract
  • sperm production
  • sex drive (libido)
  • testosterone secretion decline with age
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15
Q

What is male andropause (climacteric)

A
  • declining reproduction
  • drop in testosterone and inhibin triggers rise in FSH and LH
    mood changes and hot flash
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16
Q

Mitosis

A

one parent cell produce 2 daughter cells that are genetically the same

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17
Q

Meiosis

A

duplication and crossing over of genetic information

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18
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia lie along periphery of seminiferous tubules and is divided by mitosis

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19
Q

Type A spermatogonium

A

one daughter cell of each division remains in the tubule as stem cell

20
Q

Type B Spermatogonium

A

other daughter cell migrate away from wall and is on its way to producing sperm

  • becomes a primary spermatocyte, undergoes mitosis which gives rise to two secondary spermatocytes, then undergoes meiosis II dividing into two spermatids
21
Q

Sperm Head Contains

A

A head:

  • nucleus (haploid set of chromosomes)
  • Acrosomes - enzyme cap that contains enzymes that penetrates the egg
22
Q

Sperm Tail contains

A
  • Mitochondria (in mid piece)

- Axoneme (flagella)

23
Q

Seminal Fluid

A

90% of fluid expelled during orgasm

  • water
  • lubricant: mucus
  • Buffers: neutralizers and nutrients
  • Prostaglandin: smooth muscle contraction
24
Q

Puberty in Females

A
  • triggered by an increase of GnRH, which stimulates anterior pituitary FSH and LH
25
Q

Eggs are stored in

A

the follicles within the ovary

26
Q

FSH stimulation in Females

A

FSH stimulates ovarian follicles and they secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and androgen

27
Q

Stages of Puberty

A
  1. Thelarche - breast development, earliest signs of puberty
  2. Pubarche - apperance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary g;ands
  3. Menarche - first menstrual period, dependent on body fat
28
Q

Climacteric

A
  • midlife change in hormone secretion
  • begins when 1000 follicles left
  • cholesterol levels increase
  • skin becomes thinner
  • bone mass decreases
29
Q

Menopause

A

cessation of menstrual cycles

  • 45-55
  • Menopause is considered complete once there is no menstruation for 1 year
30
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

A

low doses of estrogen and progesterone to relieve some of these symptoms
- risks and benefits still being debated

31
Q

What is Oogenesis

A

is egg production

  • produces haploid gametes by meiosis
  • release 1 egg each month
32
Q

Ovarian Cycle

A

three principals steps
- follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal (after ovulation) phase

whats left over is corpus luteum is progesterone and estrogen

33
Q

Control of Ovulation by pituitary and ovarian hormones

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

1) maturing follicle secretes estradiol
2) Estradiol stimulates hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
3) Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
4) GnRH and estradiol stimulate pititary to secrete LH and FSH
5) Occytes completes meiosis I: follicel rapidly enlarges and then ovulates

34
Q

What is Endometriosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

  • growth peritoneum of pelvic cavity or on surface of ovary
  • occurs in 6-10% of women
  • causes pain, sometimes infertility
  • result from retrograde menstruation (backward flow of menstrual fluid that exits uterine tube)
35
Q

Contraception

A

Birth Control Pills:
- Maintain high blood levels of estrogen/progesterone which inhibits release of FSH

  • most popular among women
  • also indicated for amenorrhea (no menstruation) and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation)
36
Q

Fertility Drugs

A

1) Clomiphere
- Estrogen Receptor Antagonist
- Stimulates release of FSH, LH and ovulation

2) Gonadotropin (FSH)
- extracted from postmenopausal urine
- stimulates follicles to mature and rupture

37
Q

Define Conceptus:

A

all products of conception: the embryo or fetus, the placenta, and associated membranes

38
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Blastocyst: the developing individual is a hollow ball for the first 2 weeks

Embryo: day 16 - week 8

Fetus: week 9-birth

Neonate: newborn -6weeks

39
Q

What are the hormones with the strongest influence on pregnancy?

A
  • Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone
  • Human chorionic somatomammotropin

These hormones are secreted by the placenta

40
Q

Terminated Pregnancy

A

Corpus luteum is important source for first several weeks, if its removed before week 7 the pregnancy terminates

7-17 week the corpus luetum degenerates and the placenta takes over endocrine function

41
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A
  • secreted by blastocysts and placenta
  • in urine 8-9 days after conception
  • stimulates growth of the corpus luteum
42
Q

Estrogen

A

increase 30X by end of gestration

  • from corpus luteum for first 12 wks then placenta
  • causes tissue growth in fetus and mother (mother’s uterus enlarges, mammary ducts, breath growth, widen pelvis)
43
Q

Progesterone

A
  • from placenta and corpus luteum
  • prevents follicular development b/c it stops FSH and LH
  • stops uterine contractions
  • promotes endometrial cells
  • stimulates development of acini in breasts
44
Q

Childbirth

A

7th months, the fetus rotates so its head is down

  • fetus is a passive player in its own birth
  • explusion achieved by contaction of mother’s uterine and abdominal muscles
  • fetus chemically by stimulates labor contraction
  • sends chemicals when the baby is develop and ready to be born
45
Q

Define Parturation

A

the process of giving birth marked by the start of true labour contractions

46
Q

Factors that Regulate Uterine Contractility

A
  1. Progesterone and estradiol balance
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Conceptus may produce chemical stimuli promoting its own birth
  4. Uterine Stretching

Physiology (9 decks)

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