Lecture 6 Flashcards
What is the classical era in philosophy?
500 – 300 BC
What does the term ‘philosophy’ derive from?
Philos + sophia, meaning love of wisdom.
What is epistemology?
The study of knowledge and belief.
What does ethics study?
Moral principles, right and wrong, and the best way of life.
What is ontology?
The study of what exists and the nature of being.
What does aesthetics focus on?
Beauty, art, and good taste.
What is a principle?
A fundamental truth or proposition that serves as the foundation for a system of belief or behavior.
What is atomism?
The belief in uncaused atoms and void, moved by random chance.
What is dualism in philosophy?
The idea that spirit and body are united by intellectual life – the soul.
Who proposed the concept of Eudaimonia?
Aristotle
What does ‘tone’ refer to in chiropractic principles?
The normal degree of nerve tension.
What is the definition of innate intelligence in chiropractic?
The individualized intelligence that runs all the functions of our bodies.
What is deduction?
Moving from an idea or concept to observation to conclusion.
What is induction?
Moving from observation to idea or theory that could explain the observation.
What is abductive reasoning?
Observation leading to the simplest, most likely conclusion.
What is retroductive reasoning?
Accounting for observed facts based on previous similarities and experience.
What is the Palmerian system’s conceptual framework?
A framework involving philosophy, knowledge, body mechanism, science, and art.
What does the term ‘vitalism’ refer to?
The belief in a life force distinct from physical elements.
What does the term ‘subluxation’ refer to in chiropractic?
A misalignment affecting nerve function.
What does the dual legacy in Greek philosophy refer to?
The tension between myth and reason, metaphysical and physical.
Ontology
The branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being
- What is?
- What exists?
Epistemology
Study of knowledge
- What can be known?
- How can we know?
Ethics
Study of moral principles
Politics
- How can we best live together?
Aesthetics
To percieve
- What is beauty, art, good taste?
Atomism
Everything is made of tiny, separate parts. The body is seen as just physical components.
Dualism
Reality has two parts—mind & body. Chiropractic links Universal (spiritual) & Innate (bodily) Intelligence.
What are the branches of classical philosophy?
Ontology (What exists? The nature of reality)
Epistemology (What can be known? How do we know it?)
Ethics (What is right and wrong?)
Politics (How can we best live together?)
Aesthetics (What is beauty and art?)
How did classical philosophy shape Chiropractic philosophy in it’s inception and in the modern day?
- Inspired by Greek thought (harmony, dualism).
- D.D. Palmer linked chiropractic to Greek principles.
- Universal & Innate Intelligence reflect classical ideas.
- Continues shaping modern chiropractic philosophy.
How does philosophy shape critical reasoning?
- Provides logical frameworks (rationalism, empiricism).
- Establishes truth criteria for sound conclusions.
- Guides chiropractic principles & clinical reasoning.
What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
- Deductive: General → Specific (Top-down).
- Inductive: Specific → General (Bottom-up).
What is the difference between abductive and retroductive reasoning
Abductive: Best guess based on evidence.
Retroductive: Explains using past patterns.
Deductive Reasoning
- Moves from general principles to specific conclusions (top-down).
Example:
“All humans have a spine. John is human. Therefore, John has a spine.”
Inductive Reasoning
- Moves from specific observations to broader generalizations (bottom-up).
Example: “This patient improved with spinal adjustments. Many others did too. Therefore, spinal adjustments help with healing.”
