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Blood and Circulation > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who performed the first animal-to-animal blood transfusion and in what year?

A

Richard Lower in 1665.

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2
Q

Who conducted the first human-to-human blood transfusion and in what year?

A

James Blundell in 1818.

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3
Q

Who discovered the ABO blood group system and in what year?

A

Karl Landsteiner in 1901.

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4
Q

What are the three alternative alleles in the ABO blood group system?

A

IA, IB, and iO.

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5
Q

What is the genotype combination for blood type AB?

A

IA IB.

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6
Q

What enzyme does the IA allele encode?

A

N-acetylgalactosamine transferase.

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7
Q

What enzyme does the IB allele encode?

A

Galactose transferase.

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8
Q

What is the function of the enzymes encoded by IA and IB alleles?

A

They decorate carbohydrates attached to lipids on the surface of red blood cells.

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9
Q

What is a non-functional enzyme genotype in the ABO system?

A

iO allele.

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10
Q

What blood types are considered universal donors?

A

Type O blood.

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11
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB blood.

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12
Q

What type of antibodies are present in a person with type O blood?

A

Anti-A and Anti-B.

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13
Q

Which genotypes are possible for a person with blood type A?

A

AA and AO.

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14
Q

Which genotypes are possible for a person with blood type B?

A

BB and BO.

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15
Q

What is the Bombay phenotype?

A

A rare blood type where the H antigen is absent, making A/B/O genotypes irrelevant.

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16
Q

What is the genotype for a secretor phenotype?

A

Se/Se or Se/se.

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17
Q

What is the genotype for a non-secretor phenotype?

A

se/se.

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18
Q

What is the function of the FUT2 gene?

A

Encodes the enzyme responsible for water-soluble antigens present in bodily secretions.

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19
Q

Which blood groups are often used in paternity cases?

A

ABO blood groups.

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20
Q

What is the significance of the agglutination assay?

A

It predicts ABO blood types and is used in paternity testing.

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21
Q

What type of antibodies are anti-A and anti-B?

A

They are IgM antibodies.

22
Q

What is Rh incompatibility?

A

A condition where an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, risking hemolytic disease of the newborn.

23
Q

What percentage of Europeans are Rh-positive?

A

Approximately 85%.

24
Q

Which gene encodes Rh proteins?

A

Two genes on chromosome 1.

25
Q

What are some examples of minor blood groups?

A

MN, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Kell, Lutheran, among others.

26
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model related to?

A

The structure of cell membranes, including red blood cells.

27
Q

What lipid type is particularly abundant in nerve cells?

A

Gangliosides.

28
Q

What are cerebrosides?

A

Ceramide molecules with a single sugar residue, major components in the myelin sheath.

29
Q

What is the risk of contracting hepatitis B from a blood transfusion?

A

Approximately 1 in 670,000.

30
Q

What is the estimated risk of contracting hepatitis C from a blood transfusion?

A

About 1 in 82 million.

31
Q

When was the last recorded case of viral infection from a blood transfusion in the UK?

A

In 2005.

32
Q

What is the significance of CPD-A1 solution?

A

It is a preservative solution used in blood storage containing citrate, phosphate, dextrose, and adenine.

33
Q

Why are platelets stored at 20-24°C?

A

To minimize bacterial contamination risk.

34
Q

What are some 21st-century innovations in blood transfusions?

A

Compatibility testing, anticoagulants, preservative solutions, refrigeration, blood banks, and more.

35
Q

What types of blood products can be separated for transfusion?

A

Plasma, platelets, whole blood, white cells, and red cells.

36
Q

What can ABO incompatibility lead to during pregnancy?

A

Increased risk of early miscarriages.

37
Q

What is the relevance of ABO blood type in disputed paternity cases?

A

It helps determine potential parentage based on offspring blood type.

38
Q

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?

A

A condition where a mother’s antibodies attack the red blood cells of the fetus.

39
Q

What are examples of blood group systems inherited independently from ABO?

A

Kell, Duffy, Kidd, among others.

40
Q

What is vCJD in the context of blood transfusions?

A

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, a rare, degenerative brain disorder.

41
Q

Which blood group has anti-B antibodies?

A

Blood group A.

42
Q

Which blood group has anti-A antibodies?

A

Blood group B.

43
Q

Which blood group has no anti-A or anti-B antibodies?

A

Blood group AB.

44
Q

What is a major characteristic of secretor phenotypes?

A

They have water-soluble antigens in body fluids such as saliva and sweat.

45
Q

How is the Rh-negative genotype represented?

A

As rh/rh.

46
Q

What blood type combination often results in more type O offspring?

A

Female O x male A or B.

47
Q

What is the ABO frequency’s significance?

A

It highlights the distribution of blood types across populations.

48
Q

What technology is used for infectious disease testing in blood donations?

A

Nucleic acid testing (NAT) and ELISAs.

49
Q

What are allergic reactions during blood transfusions often associated with?

A

Plasma transfusions.

50
Q

What advancements have improved blood donor safety?

A

High-risk donor screening and infectious disease testing.

Blood and Circulation (6 decks)

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