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Blood and Circulation > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is haematology?

A

The study of blood, particularly focused on disorders of the blood and involves the haematopoietic system.

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2
Q

What components make up blood?

A

Cells (white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets) and plasma (water, electrolytes, gases, proteins, etc.).

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3
Q

What are the primary functions of blood?

A

Transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products; regulation of body temperature and pH; immune defense.

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4
Q

What are the normal adult concentrations of erythrocytes?

A

4-6 x 10^12 cells/L (40-50% by volume).

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5
Q

What are the normal adult concentrations of leukocytes?

A

4-11 x 10^9 cells/L.

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6
Q

What are the normal adult concentrations of thrombocytes?

A

1-4 x 10^11 cells/L.

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7
Q

What are the two main blood cell lineages?

A

Lymphoid and myeloid.

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8
Q

What are erythrocytes also known as?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs).

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9
Q

What gives RBCs their flexibility?

A

A mesh structure of spectrin and actin.

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10
Q

What are common signs of anaemia due to low RBC count?

A

Pallor, breathlessness, fatigue due to reduced oxygen transport.

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11
Q

What is polycythaemia?

A

A condition with too many RBCs, leading to increased blood viscosity.

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12
Q

Where are white blood cells produced?

A

Primary lymphoid tissues such as bone marrow and thymus.

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13
Q

Where do white blood cells function?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

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14
Q

What unique features help identify WBCs?

A

Morphologies, nuclear shapes, granules, and surface markers.

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15
Q

What is a common method to analyze cell surface markers?

A

Flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry.

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16
Q

What does haematoxylin stain in cells?

A

Nucleic acids, turning them blue-purple.

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17
Q

What does eosin stain in cells?

A

Proteins, turning the cytoplasm pink.

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18
Q

What are non-specific esterases used for?

A

Histochemical staining, converting α-naphthyl acetate to a colored product.

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19
Q

What is the primary use of immunohistochemistry in haematology?

A

Identifying antigens on cell surfaces using antibodies linked to chromophores or enzymes.

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20
Q

What does flow cytometry do?

A

Counts cells and measures fluorescence intensity, shown in dot plots.

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21
Q

Name one exclusion marker and the cell it identifies.

A

CD3 for T cells.

22
Q

What are common markers for B cells?

A

CD38+ and CD138+.

23
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A condition characterized by a low platelet count.

24
Q

What are the main components of plasma proteins?

A

Albumin, α globulins, β globulins, γ globulins.

25
Q

Which organ synthesizes most plasma proteins?

A

The liver, except for γ-globulins (immunoglobulins).

26
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is plasma without clotting factors, remaining after blood has clotted.

27
Q

What is albumin’s role in blood?

A

Carries substances with low solubility, binds calcium, and helps maintain blood osmolarity.

28
Q

What is the role of α-globulins?

A

Transport of lipids, hormone binding, and enzymatic activity.

29
Q

What is the role of γ-globulins?

A

They are antibodies involved in immune response.

30
Q

What triggers the clotting cascade?

A

Damage to the endothelium, activating a series of coagulation factors.

31
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

The process of maintaining fluid blood within the circulatory system, involving vasoconstriction, platelet activation, and coagulation.

32
Q

How do platelets adhere during haemostasis?

A

Through integrins like α2β1 binding to collagen and α2bβ3 binding to fibronectin or vitronectin.

33
Q

What is von Willebrand factor’s role?

A

Binds to platelets and collagen, fixing them to the injury site.

34
Q

What substance do activated platelets release to promote aggregation?

A

ADP and thromboxane A2 (TXA2).

35
Q

What are mechanisms to prevent excessive clotting?

A

Thrombomodulin-thrombin complex activating protein C, antithrombin inactivating thrombin, ADAMTS13 degrading vWF.

36
Q

What enzyme degrades fibrin to remove clots?

A

Plasmin, activated from plasminogen.

37
Q

What activates plasminogen?

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

38
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A

Transport, blood pressure regulation, immune response, and clotting.

39
Q

What are polypeptide hormones found in plasma?

A

Hormones such as insulin and growth factors.

40
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

The marking of pathogens for phagocytosis, facilitated by complement proteins.

41
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

The movement of immune cells towards sites of infection or injury, driven by chemical signals.

42
Q

Name a plasma protein involved in clotting.

A

Fibrinogen.

43
Q

What role does haptoglobulin play?

A

Binds free hemoglobin to prevent oxidative damage.

44
Q

What is α1-antitrypsin?

A

A protein that inhibits the enzyme trypsin and protects tissues from enzyme damage.

45
Q

Why is TXA2 significant in haemostasis?

A

It activates platelets and acts as a vasoconstrictor to reduce blood flow.

46
Q

What is the purpose of anticoagulants like antithrombin?

A

They prevent excessive clot formation by inactivating thrombin.

47
Q

What is the importance of ADAMTS13?

A

It regulates clotting by breaking down von Willebrand factor (vWF).

48
Q

Why is the clotting process balanced?

A

To prevent excessive bleeding or thrombosis, ensuring controlled clot formation and removal.

49
Q

What is a common treatment for anaemia?

A

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO).

50
Q

What are case scenarios where EPO is used?

A

CKD, cancer-related anaemia, preoperative surgery, and HIV-related anaemia.

51
Q

What is the result of successful EPO therapy?

A

Increased hemoglobin levels and improved patient quality of life.

Blood and Circulation (6 decks)

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