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Research Methods In Health > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiologic
(population health &
clinical)
Studies can be split into two groups

A

Observational and
experimental

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2
Q

Observational Studies can be split into two groups

A

Descriptive
Analytic

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3
Q

Descriptive Studies

A

Case Reports
Case Series
Ecological
Cross-Sectional

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4
Q

Analytic Studies

A

-Ecological
-Cross-sectional
-Case-Control
Cohort

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5
Q

Experimental Studies can be split into two groups

A

Randomized controlled trial
Community trial

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6
Q

Descriptive health research

A

No hypothesis
Not looking to prove or disprove anything
1. To monitor the public’s health
2. To evaluate the success of
intervention programs
3. To generate hypotheses about causes of disease

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7
Q

Analytic

A

Evaluate hypothesis about the causes of disease
To evaluate the success of
intervention programs

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8
Q

Components of a Study

A
  1. Population
  2. Exposure
  3. Outcome
  4. Potential Confounders
  5. Analysis
  6. Communication of Findings
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9
Q

Differences between Selection bias and Generalizability/external validity (ON EXAM)

A

Selection bias is a flaw in the sampling process that can affect the validity of study results even within the sample itself.
Generalizability is about how well the results of the study can be applied beyond the study sample.

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10
Q

Exposure

A

Determinant of interest upon which an outcome depends;
can be constitutional, environmental, or behavioral
➢ Genetic polymorphism, female sex, short stature
➢ Fluoridated water, air pollution, passive cigarette smoke
➢ Cigarette smoker, fitness enthusiast, high fiber diet

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11
Q

The goal of knowing exposures

A

to minimize errors

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12
Q

Potential Confounders

A

Extraneous risk factor for an outcome;
can be constitutional, environmental, or behavioral

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13
Q

Analysis

A

examination of your study data;
estimation of measures of disease frequency and association

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14
Q

Communication of Findings

A

Tell the appropriate persons or community
what you found even if you found no association
examples
➢Peer-reviewed journals
➢Conferences and meetings
➢Government reports
➢What about popular and social media?

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15
Q

Hierarchy of evidence from least to highest

A

In vitro (test tube research)
Animal research
Ideas, editorial, opinions
Case reports
Case series
Case control studies
Cohort studies
Randomized controlled double blind studies
Systemic Reviews and meta analysis

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16
Q

What kind of evidence is good for formulating research questions, theory generating

A

Ideas, editorial, opinions
Case reports
Case series

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16
Q

What kind of evidence is used in most health research

A

Case control studies
Cohort studies
Randomized controlled double blind studies
Systemic Reviews and meta analysis

17
Q

Evidence that is a good starting point more in the domain of biology

A

In vitro (test tube research)
Animal research

18
Q

There is no good or bad TYPE of design but

A

poorly vs. properly conducted studies

19
Q

Case report:

A

a report of a health issues in one patient, A disease, a disorder, or undergoing a procedure

20
Q

Case series:

A

a report that describes a group of individuals who have the same health issue

21
Q

The history of AIDS

A

Was identified in SanFran
(Was everywhere in the world)
Very rare type of skin cancer caused by immune deficiency
Was originally thought to be related to homosexuality due to discrimination

22
Q

Case Report and Case Series

A

No theory, no research question, goal is not researching, only reporting
Often done by clinicians. They do not want to prove a theory only wish to report.
➢ May generate ideas for research questions

23
Q

The main scientific part of Case report and case series:

A

defining the case

24
Q

Sign vs Symptom

A

Sign: an objective indication of disease that can be clinically observed, such as a rash, cough, fever, or elevated blood pressure
Symptom: a subjective indication of illness that is experienced by an individual but cannot be directly
observed by others

25
Q

Several coding systems

A

➢ International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
➢ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

26
Q

Case Report and Case Series

A

➢ Mostly in medical settings but data collection usually
with standard questionnaires
➢ Ethical issues should be respected
➢ Privacy
➢ Sometimes a group will be labeled unjustly because of the
original case series
➢ Few or no data analysis is required
➢ Clinical discussion dominates the report

27
Q

Types of Analytic
Studies

A

Experimental
Observational

28
Q

Experimental

A

Investigator actively
manipulates which
groups receive
agent under study
-Clinical Trial
-Community Trial

29
Q

Observational

A

Investigator
observes as nature
takes its course
-Cross-sectional
-Cohort Study
-Case-Control Study

30
Q

Differences btwn Observational and experimental

A

Data: Collect vs Create
Exposure assessment:
Inquiry vs Random Assignment
Outcome assessment
Inquiry vs Inquiry
Analysis of the
association
Depends, …. vs Complex but more
straightforward

31
Q

In cohort studies you call this formula (a / (a+b)) / (c / (c+d))

A

relative risk

32
Q

In cross sectional study you call the same formula, as the relative risk formula in cohort studies a: (refer to slides if you are confused)

A

prevalence ratio

33
Q

In prevalence ratio formula(a / (a+b)) / (c / (c+d))

A

high is over the low

34
Q

Limitations of Cross-sectional Studies

A

Because a cross-sectional study has no time dimension, it cannot be used to assess causality

35
Q

In cross sectional study An exposure can be said to be “associated” or “related” to a disease,

A

but a cross-sectional
study cannot show that an exposure caused a disease

36
Q

Repeated cross-sectional study:

A

a series of cross-sectional studies that re-sample and re-survey representatives from the same source population at two or more different time points
> does not track the same New set of participants is sampled from the source population for each round of data
collection

37
Q

Correlational Studies

A

In these studies, the unit of analysis is the group, not the
individual. The group, or ecological unit, represents an
aggregate of individuals

38
Q

Terminology:
➢ Correlational studies
➢ Ecological studies
➢ Aggregate studies

A

The same

39
Q

Ecological Fallacy

A

The incorrect assumption that individuals follow the trends observed in population-level
data, not a methodological error or bias
> The experience of individuals in a population may vary significantly from the
population average

40
Q
A

Research Methods In Health (13 decks)

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