Lecture 6 Flashcards
describes all of the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
METABOLISM
Holds in the cell contents
Plasma membrane
Includes several special internal structures
Organelles
The fluid portion of the cell that is involved in anaerobic metabolism
Cytosol
a series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert a substrate molecule
Metabolic Pathway
play a key role in aerobic energy production
Mitochhondria
Produces lipids
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Fluid portion of cell
Cytosol
“Powerhouse of the cell”
Mitochondrion
First organ to metabolize, store, and distribute nutrients after absorption
Liver
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are absorbed as
Amino acids
Monosaccharides
Glycerol and fatty acids
Is the most metabolically active organ in the body
Liver
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are in the liver converted to
Usable forms of energy & Storage forms
Building up of molecules
Anabolism
Breaking down of molecules
catabolism
Food contains three nutrients that are used
as energy sources. These nutrients can be broken down into smaller molecules
Catabolism
Small molecules are assembled into large one where energy is required
anabolic
Large molecules are broken down into small one where energy is released
Catabolic
Many of the building blocks of larger
molecules come directly from our
food.
Anabolism
regulate anabolic and catabolic reactions
Hormones
allow chemical reactions of metabolism to occur at rates sufficient to maintain normal body function
enzymes
Stimulates protein synthesis
Insulin
Promotes lipolysis
Caffeine
Stimulates protein degradation
Glucagon
the initial conversion of a carbohydrate to energy.
Glycolysis
The first step in glycolysis is the conversion of D-glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.
The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction
Hexokinase
the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule derived from ATP.
Phosphorylation
splits fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate into two sugars that are isomers of each other.
Aldolase
changes fructose 6-phosphate into
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Phosphofructokinase,
The second reaction of glycolysis is the rearrangement of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) into fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) by
Phosphoglucose Isomerase
rapidly inter- converts the molecules dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
triosephosphate isomerase
The only molecule that continues in the glycolytic pathway.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).
Dehydrogenates and adds an inorganic
phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)
transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate.
Phosphoglycerate Kinase
relocates the P from 3- phosphoglycerate from the 3rd carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-phosphoglycerate.
phosphoglycero mutase
This step involves a simple rearrangement of the position of the phosphate group on the 3 phosphoglycerate molecule, making it 2 phosphoglycerate.
Step 8: Phosphoglycerate Mutase
This step involves the conversion of 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
(PEP).
Step 9: Enolase
works by removing a water group, or dehydrating the 2 phosphoglycerate.
Enolase
transfers a P from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP to form pyruvic acid
pyruvate kinase
a series of reactions that generate glucose from noncarbohydrate sources.
Gluconeogenesis
Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine 1947
Carl and Gerty Cori
known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the Krebs cycle
citric acid cycle
The citrate is rearranged to form what kind of isomeric form?
isocitrate
