Lecture 59/60

Question 1

RDA

Answer 1

recommended dietary allowances
two standard deviations about EAR
sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a group

Question 2

EAR

Answer 2

estimated average requirement
the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group

Question 3

AI

Answer 3

adequate intake
used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR
approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population

Question 4

UL

Answer 4

tolerable upper intake levels
maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk

Question 5

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 5

Vit A
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K

Question 6

water soluble vitamins

Answer 6

Vit B (especially B6 and B12)
Vit C

Question 7

role of Vit A

Answer 7

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
produced from carotenoids
stored in the liver as retinol palmitate

Question 8

retinoic acid

Answer 8

functions as hormones, regulating cell growth, and differentiation

Question 9

carotenoids

Answer 9

organic pigments in plants that are effective antioxidants that may reduce the risk of cancer

Question 10

role of Vit D

Answer 10

functions as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis

Question 11

role of Vit E

Answer 11

occurs in the diet as tocopherols and tocotrienols
naturally occurring antioxidants protecting unsaturated fatty acids

Question 12

role of Vit K

Answer 12

essential for blood clotting and bone mineralization
warfarin is a Vit K antagonist

Question 13

role of Thiamin (B1)

Answer 13

thiamin pyrophosphate functions as a cofactor in enzymatic catalysis
thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve impulses in peripheral nerve membranes

Question 14

role of Rubofalvin (B2)

Answer 14

precursor of cofactors FAD and FMN used in many redox reactions

Question 15

role of Niacin (B3)

Answer 15

exists as niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (nicotinamide) in the diet

Question 16

role of Pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 16

exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in the diet
converted to a cofactor, pyridoxal phosphation in a transamination reaction

Question 17

role of Biotin (B7)

Answer 17

serves as a cofactor for activation of carbon dioxide in carboxylase enzymes

Question 18

role of folic acid (B9)

Answer 18

converted to tetrahydrofolate, a one-carbon carrier in enzyme reactions
essential for DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation

Question 19

role of cobalamin (B12)

Answer 19

required for two reactions in humans – methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Question 20

role of Vit C

Answer 20

ascorbic acid
required for hydroxylation of lysine and proline side chains, which is necessary for collagen stability
nonenzymatic reducing agent

Question 21

role of calcium

Answer 21

makes bones
serves as a second messenger
essential for blood coagulation and muscle contractility

Question 22

role of iron

Answer 22

required for O2 transport, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune defense
normally sequestered in the cell by ferritin and in the blood by transferrin

Question 23

role of iodine

Answer 23

used for synthesis of thyroid hormones

Question 24

role of zinc

Answer 24

required for many metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins

Question 25

role of selenium

Answer 25

incorporated into around 25 selenoproteins in humans which contain selenocytsteine residues

Question 26

Vit A deficiency

Answer 26

night blindness

Question 27

Vit D deficiency

Answer 27

ricketts in young children osteomalacia in adults

Question 28

Vit B deficiency

Answer 28

B1 - Beriberi B3 - Pellagra

Question 29

Vit C deficiency

Answer 29

mild - capillary fragility severe - scurvy

Question 30

Vit B1 deficiency (Beriberi)

Answer 30

symptoms - muscular atrophy and weakness pop - exclusively rice for food; alcoholics

Question 31

Vit B2 deficiency

Answer 31

symptoms - angular cheilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis pop - chronic alcoholics

Question 32

Vit B3 deficiency (Pellagra)

Answer 32

symptoms - dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia pop - alcholics, pts with severe malabsorption, elderly on strict diets

Question 33

symptoms of Vit B6 deficiency

Answer 33

mild - irritability, nervousness, and depression severe - peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

Question 34

Vit B9 deficiency

Answer 34

inhibits DNA synthesis produces abnormal RBCs leading to anemia birth defects (specially neural tube defect) pop - alcoholics

Question 35

Vit B12 deficiency

Answer 35

anemia and neurological damage due to homocysteine and methylmalonic acid accumulation pop - severe malabsorption diseases; long term vegetarians

Question 36

symptoms of mild Vit C deficiency

Answer 36

easy bruising decreased immunocompetence

Question 37

symptoms of Scurvy

Answer 37

decreased wound healing osteoporosis hemorrhaging anemia

Question 38

symptoms of calcium deficiency

Answer 38

resemble Vit D deficiency may contribute to osteoporosis and muscle cramps

Question 39

symptoms of iodine deficiency

Answer 39

goiter cretinism (severely stunted physical and mental growth)

Question 40

symptoms of zinc deficiency

Answer 40

in children, poor growth and impairment of sexual development in adults, poor wound healing, dermatitis, and impaired immune function

Question 41

symptoms of copper deficiency

Answer 41

anemia bone demineralization blood vessel fragility

Question 42

food source for Vit A

Answer 42

dark green and yellow vegetables liver egg yolk butter whole milk

Question 43

food source for Vit D

Answer 43

vit D milk saltwater fish liver egg yolk

Question 44

food source for Vit E

Answer 44

vegetable oils rich in polysaturated fatty acids

Question 45

food source for Vit K

Answer 45

in green vegetables synthesized by intestinal bacterIA

Question 46

food source for Vit B

Answer 46

B2 - milk, meat, eggs, cereal B3 - meat, peanut, enrich diets B6 - meat, vegetable, whole grain cereal B7/B9 - wide range

Question 47

food source for calcium

Answer 47

dairy products nuts beans seeds seaweeds

Question 48

food source for iodine

Answer 48

seafood (fish and seaweeds) table salt

Question 49

population at risk for Vit B7 deficiency

Answer 49

regular raw egg white consumption pregnant women

Question 50

population at risk for Vit C deficiency

Answer 50

smokers

Question 51

warfarin mechanism

Answer 51

anticoagulant, vit K antagonist that prevents thrombosis inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase from converting inactive epoxidase form of Vit K into the active form of Vit K hydroquinone