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Therapeutics - Exam 6 > Lecture 59/60 > Flashcards

Lecture 59/60 Flashcards

Micronutrients (Park)

1
Q

RDA

A

recommended dietary allowances
two standard deviations about EAR
sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all healthy individuals in a group

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2
Q

EAR

A

estimated average requirement
the amount of nutrient estimated to meet the needs of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group

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3
Q

AI

A

adequate intake
used when scientific evidence is inadequate to set an EAR
approximations of the average nutrient intake by a healthy population

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4
Q

UL

A

tolerable upper intake levels
maximum level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk

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5
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

Vit A
Vit D
Vit E
Vit K

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6
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

Vit B (especially B6 and B12)
Vit C

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7
Q

role of Vit A

A

retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid
produced from carotenoids
stored in the liver as retinol palmitate

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8
Q

retinoic acid

A

functions as hormones, regulating cell growth, and differentiation

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9
Q

carotenoids

A

organic pigments in plants that are effective antioxidants that may reduce the risk of cancer

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10
Q

role of Vit D

A

functions as steroid hormones maintaining calcium homeostasis

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11
Q

role of Vit E

A

occurs in the diet as tocopherols and tocotrienols
naturally occurring antioxidants protecting unsaturated fatty acids

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12
Q

role of Vit K

A

essential for blood clotting and bone mineralization
warfarin is a Vit K antagonist

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13
Q

role of Thiamin (B1)

A

thiamin pyrophosphate functions as a cofactor in enzymatic catalysis
thiamin triphosphate functions in transmission of nerve impulses in peripheral nerve membranes

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14
Q

role of Rubofalvin (B2)

A

precursor of cofactors FAD and FMN used in many redox reactions

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15
Q

role of Niacin (B3)

A

exists as niacin (nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (nicotinamide) in the diet

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16
Q

role of Pyridoxine (B6)

A

exists as pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal in the diet
converted to a cofactor, pyridoxal phosphation in a transamination reaction

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17
Q

role of Biotin (B7)

A

serves as a cofactor for activation of carbon dioxide in carboxylase enzymes

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18
Q

role of folic acid (B9)

A

converted to tetrahydrofolate, a one-carbon carrier in enzyme reactions
essential for DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation

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19
Q

role of cobalamin (B12)

A

required for two reactions in humans – methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

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20
Q

role of Vit C

A

ascorbic acid
required for hydroxylation of lysine and proline side chains, which is necessary for collagen stability
nonenzymatic reducing agent

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21
Q

role of calcium

A

makes bones
serves as a second messenger
essential for blood coagulation and muscle contractility

22
Q

role of iron

A

required for O2 transport, energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and immune defense
normally sequestered in the cell by ferritin and in the blood by transferrin

23
Q

role of iodine

A

used for synthesis of thyroid hormones

24
Q

role of zinc

A

required for many metalloenzymes and zinc finger proteins

25
Q

role of selenium

A

incorporated into around 25 selenoproteins in humans which contain selenocytsteine residues

26
Q

Vit A deficiency

A

night blindness

27
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

ricketts in young children
osteomalacia in adults

28
Q

Vit B deficiency

A

B1 - Beriberi
B3 - Pellagra

29
Q

Vit C deficiency

A

mild - capillary fragility
severe - scurvy

30
Q

Vit B1 deficiency (Beriberi)

A

symptoms - muscular atrophy and weakness
pop - exclusively rice for food; alcoholics

31
Q

Vit B2 deficiency

A

symptoms - angular cheilitis, glossitis, and scaly dermatitis
pop - chronic alcoholics

32
Q

Vit B3 deficiency (Pellagra)

A

symptoms - dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia
pop - alcholics, pts with severe malabsorption, elderly on strict diets

33
Q

symptoms of Vit B6 deficiency

A

mild - irritability, nervousness, and depression
severe - peripheral neuropathy and convulsions

34
Q

Vit B9 deficiency

A

inhibits DNA synthesis
produces abnormal RBCs leading to anemia
birth defects (specially neural tube defect)
pop - alcoholics

35
Q

Vit B12 deficiency

A

anemia and neurological damage due to homocysteine and methylmalonic acid accumulation
pop - severe malabsorption diseases; long term vegetarians

36
Q

symptoms of mild Vit C deficiency

A

easy bruising
decreased immunocompetence

37
Q

symptoms of Scurvy

A

decreased wound healing
osteoporosis
hemorrhaging
anemia

38
Q

symptoms of calcium deficiency

A

resemble Vit D deficiency
may contribute to osteoporosis and muscle cramps

39
Q

symptoms of iodine deficiency

A

goiter
cretinism (severely stunted physical and mental growth)

40
Q

symptoms of zinc deficiency

A

in children, poor growth and impairment of sexual development
in adults, poor wound healing, dermatitis, and impaired immune function

41
Q

symptoms of copper deficiency

A

anemia
bone demineralization
blood vessel fragility

42
Q

food source for Vit A

A

dark green and yellow vegetables
liver
egg yolk
butter
whole milk

43
Q

food source for Vit D

A

vit D milk
saltwater fish
liver
egg yolk

44
Q

food source for Vit E

A

vegetable oils rich in polysaturated fatty acids

45
Q

food source for Vit K

A

in green vegetables
synthesized by intestinal bacterIA

46
Q

food source for Vit B

A

B2 - milk, meat, eggs, cereal
B3 - meat, peanut, enrich diets
B6 - meat, vegetable, whole grain cereal
B7/B9 - wide range

47
Q

food source for calcium

A

dairy products
nuts
beans
seeds
seaweeds

48
Q

food source for iodine

A

seafood (fish and seaweeds)
table salt

49
Q

population at risk for Vit B7 deficiency

A

regular raw egg white consumption
pregnant women

50
Q

population at risk for Vit C deficiency

A

smokers

51
Q

warfarin mechanism

A

anticoagulant, vit K antagonist that prevents thrombosis
inhibits Vit K epoxide reductase from converting inactive epoxidase form of Vit K into the active form of Vit K hydroquinone

Therapeutics - Exam 6 (11 decks)

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