Lecture 58 Flashcards

Macronutrients (Park)

1
Q

Digestion of Proteins

A

3 stepped process (gastric digestion –> intestinal digestion of peptidases –> intestinal digestion of intracellular peptidase)
only free amino acids are released into the blood

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2
Q

gastric digestion of proteins

A

low pH of the stomach denatures the proteins
first step in digestion
exception is pepsin which is stable and active in acidic pH

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3
Q

intestinal digestion of proteins (2)

A

peptidase at the luminal surface produces free amino acids and di/tripeptides

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4
Q

intestinal digestion of proteins (3)

A

intracellular peptidases hydrolyzes di/tripeptides

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5
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

through a-amylase and enzymes on the luminal surface
only monosaccharides are absorbed in the body

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6
Q

a-amylase

A

turns starch and glycogen to maltose and maltotriose in the saliva and pancreatic juice

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7
Q

enzymes on the luminal surface of small intestine

A

maltase (converts maltose –> glucose)
sucrase (converts sucrose –> glucose/fructose)
lactase (converts lactose –> glucose/galactose)

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8
Q

Raffinose

A

oligosaccharide
cannot be hydrolyzed by human enzymes

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9
Q

digestion of lipids

A

solubilized first by bile acid then gastric and pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes tricylglycerols to fatty acids and monoacylglycerols

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10
Q

trans fats

A

raise blood cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease

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11
Q

role of essential fatty acids

A

synthesize eiconsanoids

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12
Q

chylomicron

A

delivers lipids to tissues

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13
Q

macronutrients in muscle

A

lipids - energy source
carbohydrates –> glycogen - used during exercise
protein - storage

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14
Q

macronutrients in adipose tissue

A

lipids - fat storage
excess proteins - converted to triacylglycerol
excess carbohydrates - triacylglycerol

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15
Q

lipids in the brain

A

stored, but fat cannot be used as an energy source

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16
Q

macronutrients in the liver

A

lipids - converted to ketone bodies in ketogenesis when starved
carbohydrates –> glycogen - used to maintain blood glucose levels

17
Q

essential fatty acids

A

omega-3 (w-3) fatty acids
omega-6 (w-6) fatty acids

18
Q

omega-3 (w-3) fatty acids

A

a-linolenic acid (18:3)
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)(20:5)
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)(22:6)

19
Q

omega-6 (w-6) fatty acids

A

linoleic acid (18:2)
arachidonic acid (20:4)

20
Q

essential aa that cannot be synthesized

A

histidine
isoleucine
leucine
lysine
threonine
tryptophan
valine

21
Q

essential amino acid categories

A

cannot be synthesized in the body
not enough synthesis by the body to be sufficient

22
Q

essential aa that are not synthesized enough

A

arginine
methionine
phenylalanine

23
Q

deficiency in essential lipids

A

changes to the regulatory processes of blood pressure, blood clotting, and immune functions

24
Q

deficiency in essential proteins

A

negative nitrogen balance

25
well-fed state
insulin release glycolysis
26
early fasting state
glucagon release gluconeogenesis
27
fasting state
gluconeogenesis ketogenesis
28
marasmus
inadequate intake of both protein and energy sources thin, wasted appearance small for their age
29
Kwashiorkor
inadequate intake of protein with adequate energy intake mainly in children aged 1 to 3yo deceptive plump appearance due to edema