Lecture 54 - Pharmacology 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 types of cardiovascular drugs
- Anti-hypertensives
- Vasodilators
- Cholesterol lowering agents
All ACE inhibitors end in
-prils
Function of ACE inhibitors
Blood pressure lowering drugs which increase supply of blood to heart reducing after load (resistance of heart pumping out blood
What are the adverse reactions of ACE inhibitors
Hyperkalemia
Excess potassium in blood
How common is a cough with ACE inhibitors and why
Dry, persistent cough occurs because ACE inhibitor pathway inhibits bradykinin (up to 40%) triggering coughing reflex-> will occur the entire time
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) end in
-sartans
T or F: ARBs have the same function as ACE inhibotrs
T, Blood pressure lowering drugs which increase supply of blood to heart reducing after load (resistance of heart pumping out blood)
What is the advantaged of ARB’s over ACE Inhibitors
Have same adverse reactions except NO COUGH
What are 4 types of beta blockers
- Cardioselective (only need to know this one but be aware of others)
- Non-selective
- With alpha blocking
- With ISA (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
Beta blockers end in
-lols
What do beta blockers do
Cause bronchoconstriction and decreases heart rate and blood flow
What are the adverse reactions of betablockers and key things to watch out for with comorbidities (2)
What are the 6 symptoms of hypoglycemia
What is important about taking beta blockers and being diabetic
Beta blockers mask all symptoms of hypoglycemia except sweating, so diabetics must watch out for sweating if on beta blockers
Alpha agonists function
Dilate blood vessels and decrease blood pressure
Alpha agonists end in
-zosins
What are the adverse effects of alpha agonists
What is the function of vasodilator drugs
Relax smooth muscle and open up vasculature
What are the 2 main types of vasodilator drugs
What are the adverse reactions of vasodilator drugs
What are the 3 main types of diuretics
What is the function of diuretics
-Used to help with patients who are retaining fluid and have congestive heart failure (remove fluid)
-Support kidneys in removing water from body but can cause electrolyte loss or gane
What are the adverse reactions of diuretics
What is the function of cholesterol lowering agents
Lower cholesterol and reduce cardiovascular mobility especially after strokes or other cardiovascular events
Cholesterol reducing agents end in
-statins
What is the difference between short and long half life of cholesterol lowering agents
Long half life = given any time of day
Short half life = given in evening after dinner so it peaks when body is producing highest level of cholesterol
What are the adverse reactions of cholesterol reducing agents
Rhabdomyolysis = break down of muscle
What are 3 practical points for PT’s to keep in mind in terms of cardiovascular drugs
What are the 2 types of respiratory drugs
- Bronchodilators
- Corticosteroids (inhaled or oral)
Bronchodilator function (Short Acting Beta Agonists)
-Reverse bronchoconstriction by decreasing smooth muscle tone
-Beta-agonist = do opposite of beta blockers
What are the 2 types of bronchodilators
What are the adverse reactions and key points of bronchodilators (2)
1) Use 10-15 mins before exercise to help with performance
2) Should be used no more than 4 x a wekk and if so need to up prescription
Anticholinergics function
-Used in COPD where bronchoconstriction is destructive vs restrictive
-Block cholinergic receptors
What are the 2 types of anticholinergics
What are the adverse reactions of anticholinergics
What is the function of anti-inflammatory (oral and inhaled corticosteroids)
-Preventer medications
-Started at onset of cold or worsening asthma
Types of anti-inflammatory (inhaled corticosteroids)
What are the adverse reactions of anti-inflammatory (inhaled corticosteroids)
T or F: You cannot combine different bronchodilators and anti-inflammatories
F, you can
What are the types of anti-inflammatory (oral corticosteroids)
What are the adverse reactions of anti-inflammatory (oral corticosteroids)
ST/MC = most common and short term
What are 3 practical points to keep in mind for PT’s in regards to respiratory drugs
Multimodal pain management
What are the 6 benefits of multi-modal pain management
What are common types of adjuvant drugs and their role (8)
Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine) role, mechanism and adverse reactions
Anticonvulsants (Gabapentin/pregabalin) role, mechanism and adverse reactions
Antidepressants (amitriptyline/Nortriptyline) role, mechanism, and adverse reactions
Antidepressants (Venlafaxine/Duloxetine) role, mechanism, and adverse reactions
Benzodiazepines functions
Increase GABA
What are the 2 types of benzodiazepines
Why are so many people with chronic pain put on benzodiazepines
Many patients are put on these because of anxiety because anxiety increases pain and outflow of pain and benzodiazepines fix that (dysphoric)
When should you prescribe short acting vs long acting diazepines
What are 2 types of muscle relaxants
What is the function of centrally-acting muscle relaxants and how do you intake them
What is the function of direct acting muscle relaxants and how do you intake them
What are 3 practical points for PT’s to keep in mind in terms of adjuvant drug therapy
What is the role, dosage, and effect length of steroid injections
What are the adverse reactions of steroid injections
What is the practical point for PT’s in terms of steroid injections
