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Infection > Lecture 5.1: Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Lecture 5.1: Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Associated structure/ Nasal Passage
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2
Q

What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs (Alveoli)
  • Diaphragm
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3
Q

Normal Flora of the Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus

* Staphylococcus epidermis

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4
Q

Why do Secondary Infections occur?

A
  • They occur after damage to mucosal lining
  • Viral infection
  • Mechanical
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5
Q

Bacteria of Sinusitis (2)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia

* Haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

Bacteria of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (2)

A
  • Streptococcus pyrogens

* Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

Bacteria of Tracheitis (1)

A

• Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

Bacteria of Bronchitis (4)

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma catarrhalis
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9
Q

Bacteria of Pneumonia (3)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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10
Q

Bacteria of Atypical Pneumonia (3)

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Chlamydia pneumonia
  • Legionella pneumonia
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11
Q

Bacteria of Tuberculosis (1)

A

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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12
Q

Pneumonia Defence Mechanisms (5)

A
  • Cough Reflex
  • Mucociliary Apparatus
  • Phagocytic Action of Alveolar Macrophages
  • Secretion Clearance
  • Innate, Humoral, Cell-Mediated Immunity
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13
Q

What is an Empyema?

A

A purulent exudate in the pleural cavity

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14
Q

What is an Abcess?

A

A circumscribed collection of pus within the lung parenchyma

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15
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A
  • Infection of the lungs.

* Alveoli fill with fluid and pus, making breathing more difficult

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16
Q

Symptoms of Pneumonia (11)

A
  • Fever
  • Shaking/Chills
  • Cough with yellow/green sputum
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Chest Pain
  • Body Aches
  • Loss of Appetite
  • Fatigue/ Low Energy
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Bluish Skin
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17
Q

How is Pneumonia spread?

A

Most cases of pneumonia are spread person-to-person by coughing out of tiny droplets

18
Q

What factors prevent microbe colonisation in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Mucous Entrapment
  • Ciliary Clearance
  • Immune Surveillance
  • Intact Epithelial Barrier
  • Secreted Factors (IgA, surfactant proteins, defensins)
19
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia?

A
  • Acute Congestion
  • Red Hepatisation
  • Grey Hepatisation
  • Resolution
20
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Acute Congestion

A

Local capillaries become engorged with neutrophils

21
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Red Hepatisation

A

Red blood cells from the capillaries flow into the alveolar spaces

22
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Grey Hepatisation

A

Large numbers of dead neutrophils (are the first immune cells that reach the site of infection through a process known as chemotaxis) and degenerating red cells

23
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Resolution

A

Adaptive immune response begins to produce antibodies which control the infection

24
Q

What does CAP stand for?

A

Community Acquired Pneumonia

25
Q

“Typical” CAP

A
  • Presents with “typical” severe, acute infection
  • Infectious agent (usually S. pneumo or H. flu) is culturable/ identifiable
  • Responsive to cell-wall active antibiotics
26
Q

“Atypical” CAP

A
  • Presentation is usually sub-acute
  • Causative pathogens are difficult to culture/identify by standard methods
  • Not responsive to penicillins
27
Q

How to score Severity of Pneumonia?

A

CURB-65 Score

28
Q

How is a CURB-65 Score calculated?

A
  • Confusion
  • Raised blood urea nitrogen (over 7 mmol/litre)
  • Raised respiratory rate (30 breaths per minute or more)
  • Low blood pressure (diastolic <60 mmHg, or systolic <90 mmHg)
  • Age 65 years or more
29
Q

How does CURB-65 Scoring work?

A
  • 0 or 1: low risk (less than 3% mortality risk)
  • 2: intermediate risk (3-15% mortality risk)
  • 3 to 5: high risk (more than 15% mortality risk)
30
Q

What is Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia (HAP)?

A

Defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after admission, which excludes infection that is incubating at the time of admission

31
Q

What is Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?

A

It is a nosocomial pneumonia in a patient who has been mechanically
ventilated (by endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) for at least 48 hours
at the time of diagnosis

32
Q

What is Invasive Pneumococcal Disease?

A

• It is when pneumococcus gets into part of the body normally free of bacteria

33
Q

What is called when Pneumococcus gets into the blood?

A

Bacteremia

34
Q

What is called when Pneumococcus gets into the spinal fluid?

A

Meningitis

35
Q

What is Legionnaires’ Disease? What is it caused by? Can bacteria be stained?

A
  • It is a severe form of pneumonia
  • Caused by Legionella pneumophila
  • Gram-negative rod
  • Cannot be stained or grown using normal techniques
36
Q

How is Legionnaires’ Disease transmitted?

A
  • Transmitted to humans as a humidified aerosol

* Not person to person

37
Q

What antibiotic is best for treating Legionnaires’ Disease?

A

Erythromycin is better than Penicillin

38
Q

Complications of Pneumonia: Pleural Effusion

A
  • Inflammation leads to exudation of fluid into pleural space
  • This can compromise lung function
39
Q

Complications of Pneumonia: Empyema

A
  • Purulent exudate in pleural space

* Necrosis/breakdown of visceral pleura and/or spread of infection into pleura

40
Q

Complications of Pneumonia: Abscess / Cavitary Lesion

A
  • Circumscribed focus of liquefactive necrosis within lung tissue
  • Associated with necrotising Staph or Strep infections or Gram-neg rods
41
Q

Complications of Pneumonia: Pleural Adhesions/ Lung Fibrosis

A
42
Q

What causes Pneumonia?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae

* Can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.

Infection (21 decks)

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