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Infection > Lecture 3.2: Immune Response > Flashcards

Lecture 3.2: Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What in the Complement Cascade causes Inflammation & Chemoattraction of Leukocytes?

A

C3a

C5a

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2
Q

What in the Complement Cascade Coats microbes with molecules recognised by phagocytes?

A

C3b

C3bi

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3
Q

Cells of the Innate Immune System

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Degranulating Cells
  • Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
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4
Q

What is Neutropaenia?

A
  • Deficiency of neutrophils
  • May go undetected if not severe
  • In severe cases increased vulnerability to infection
  • Most commonly caused by chemotherapy for cancer
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5
Q

Macrophage Precursor(s)

A
  • Haematapoietic stem cells produced in the bone marrow

* Circulate in the blood as monocytes

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6
Q

What do Degranulating Cells do?

A
  • Degranulation: Process by which cytoplasmic granules release their contents
  • Triggered by proteins binding to IgE receptors
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7
Q

Basophils

A
  • Role in the production of IgE
  • Defence against viral infections
  • Release heparin, histamines, serotonins
  • Also capable of phagocytosis
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8
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Important in parasite clearance
  • Release cytotoxins
  • Present antigens to T helper cells
  • Trigger mast cell histamine release
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9
Q

Mast Cells

A
  • Produced in the bone marrow, circulate in the blood in their immature state
  • Undergo terminal differentiation when recruited into tissues
  • Release histamines, cytokines, and lipid mediators
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10
Q

Effects of Mast Cell Activation: What Cytokines are released?

A
  • IL-4 & IL-13 (promotes Th2 differentiation and IgE production )
  • TNF-alpha (promotes tissue inflammation)
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11
Q

Effects of Mast Cell Activation: What Lipid Mediators are released?

A
  • Leukotrienes
  • Prostaglandins
  • Increase vascular permeability
  • Cause smooth muscle contraction
  • Chemoattractants for T-Cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
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12
Q

Effects of Mast Cell Activation: Histamine

A
  • Increase vascular permeability

* Cause smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Cytotoxic Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGLs)
  • Bind onto the surface of virally infected cells
  • Degranulate to release substances including perforin and granzyme B
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14
Q

Perforin

A

Perforates surface of infected cell

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15
Q

Granzyme B

A

Causes cellular death by apoptosis

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16
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A

• Mature in the Thymus Gland
• Help macrophages kill intracellular microparasites by releasing Macrophage
Activating Factors (e.g. IFNγ)
• Identify and kill virally infected cells before extensive viral replication takes
place
• Similar function to NK cells, but more specialised receptors

17
Q

B-Lymphocytes

A

• Mature in the bone marrow
• Mediate the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (i.e. antibodies)
• Mature cells circulate between secondary lymphoid organs in search of
antigens

Infection (21 decks)

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