Lecture 5: Yeast And Molds Flashcards
The biggest organism
a single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria
approximate coverage of single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria
more than 2,200 acres or 1,600 football fields or 890.31 hectares
3 shared characteristics of molds and yeasts
- Eukaryotic
- Absorptive nutrition
- Spore-bearing
True or false: Sexual reproduction is more common than asexual reproduction
false: Asexual repro is more common
Importance of fungal spores (2)
Identification and dispersal
What does fungi releases that digests external substrates
hydrolytic exoenzymes
What does the secreted extracellular enzymes of fungi digests?
polymeric materials (polysaccharides or proteins)
where does the fungi get its carbon source?
organic sources
which structure of fungi releases enzymes?
hyphal tips
True or false: Spores are reproductive cells
True
True or False: Sexual spores are products of mitosis and Asexual spores are products of meiosis
false: Sexual spores are products of meiosis and Asexual spores are products of mitosis
spores can be formed (3) - locations
- Directly on hyphae
- Inside sporangia
- Fruiting bodies
Example of organism with fruiting bodies
Amanita
Example of organism with sporangia
Pilobolus
Example of organism with hyphae
Penicillum
the approximate output of spores from one reproductive structure
reaching into trillions
general characteristics of fungi (4)
- Achlorophyllous
- Heterotrophs
- Generally nonmotile except for zoospores
- With cell wall
The flagellated spores of some fungi
zoospores
The cell wall composition of fungi which occurs also in the exoskeleton of insects, spiders, and other arthropods
Chitin
benefits of fungi (5)
- decomposers
- for industrial use
- as research tools
- biological control agents
- food
Example of organisms commonly used as research tools since they are easily cultivated and manipulated compared to large animals
Saccharomyces and Neurospora
harms of fungi (2)
- Pathogens/parasites in plants and animals (causative agents of mycoses)
- agents of spoilage of food
This type of fungi are known as decomposers as they break down dead organic matter in order to make energy
saprobic fungi
saprobes are mostly decomposers of what organisms ?
mostly of plants and some animals
type of fungi that takes their energy from their living host and causes diseases, including to humans
parasitic fungi
type of fungi that takes energy from other organism but give something in return
mutualistic fungi
The mutual relationship b/w algae and fungi
lichens
The mutual relationship b/w root hairs of the plants and fungi
mycorrhiza
optimum pH range for growth of fungi
acidic scale
true or false: moisture is a requirement by fungi for growth and cannot grow in dry environments
false: pwede pa rin sila mag grow sa drier environments
fungi can grow at what osmotic concentration? specify
low osmotic concentration (0.5 M or less)
_____ mean tolerant to dry conditions
xerotolerant
examples of xerotolerant fungi
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Mucor hiemalis
fungi and their relationship with oxygen
predominantly obligate organisms
True or false: Fungi are directly affected by the presence and absence of light
false, not directly affected
mesophilic fungi are commonly found in (provide temp)
temperate regions ranging from 10-40 degree celsius
fungi that are found in low temp
psychrophilic fungi
thermophilic fungi are found in ___ and ___, and in ___ ___ with very high temp at more than ___ degree celsius
dung, compost, volcanic regions, 40 degree celsius
this structure of fungi resembles a tube of protoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall
hyphae
most multicellular fungal bodies are commonly called as
molds
the tangled network which hyphae forms
mycelium
____ is the (body) of fleshy fungi
thallus
what happens during elongation of hypha
cytoplasmic contents move toward hyphal tip
function of young hyphal tip
branches extensively during growth
function of old hyphae
absorbs nutrients for the growing tip
True or false: As the days of incubation progresses, the older hyphae is more pigmented compared to the growing hyphal tips which is younger, hyaline or less pigmented
true
True or false: with limited nutrients, hyphal tips elongation is not that excessive
false: with nutrients limited, they need to extensively elongate their hyphal tips to scavenge for nutrients
True or false: Older hyphae has plastic and stretchable walls and hyphal tip has rigid walls
false: Older hyphae is with rigid walls and tips are plastic and stretchable as the continuously grows
the cross walls that occur on hyphae dividing them into cytoplasmic compartments
septate/septation
functions of septate (2)
- adds rigidity
- help control flow of nutrients
with repeated nuclear division present in the vegetative cell of fungal hyphae there is no formation of cross walls and this condition is known as
coenocytic hyphae
what type of hyphae is present in yeasts
pseudohyphae
when the hypha acquire injury this specialized class of peroxisomal derived organelle quickly plugs the septal pore to avoid excessive loss of cytoplasm
woronin bodies
the partition that forms b/w dividing cells
septum
5 specialized somatic structures arising from the hyphae
- rhizomorph
- mycelial cords
- adhesive structures
- rings
- sclerotium
____ hyphal aggressions that are involved in the long-distance transport from the soil to the mycorrhizal root
rhizomorphs
function of mycelial cords
redistribute significant amounts of nutrients b/w plants
____ ____ are linear vegetative organs formed from compaction of laterally aligned, outwardly extending hyphae
mycelial cord
hyphae adapted for trapping and killing of prey
rings
the fungus ___ ____ can form rings or nets to trap its prey. provide the prey ____
Arthrobotrys oligospora, nematode
___ a resting body formed by aggregation of somatic hyphae into dense, rounded, flattened, elongated or horn-shaped dark masses
Sclerotium
Purpose of sclerotium
Contains food reserves essential for dormancy
Two types of tissues formed from hyphae
- Prosenchyma
- Pseudoparenchyma
Other term for prosenchyma
Prosoplectenchyma
Other term for pseudoparenchyma
Paraplectenchyma
In this type of tissue the hyphae remain distinguishable, loosely woven, parallel to each other
Prosenchyma/prosoplectenchyma
In this type of tissue the hyphae are usually not distinguishable, closely packed, with isodiametric or oval cells
Pseudoparenchyma/paraplectenchyma
Resembles the parenchyma of higher plants
Pseudoparenchyma/paraplectenchyma
2 phases in the fungal life cycle
- Somatic phase
- Reproductive phase
This phase in life of the fungi is characterized by feeding or trophic activities
Somatic phase
the phase in life of fungi where they produces spores and specialized structures
Reproductive phase
What does fusion of two hyphae in the life cycle of fungi results to?
Mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals
the fusion of the cytoplasm of hyphae is called ____
Plasmogamy
The fused hyphae from two organisms with haploid nuclei is called
Heterokaryotic
The condition when plasmogamy results with cells having one nuclei from each organism
Dikaryotic
When the two nuclei from each organism fused together it forms a
Diploid zygote
What does the formation of nuclei called
Karyogamy
Provide the number of nuclei/cells when sexual reproduction of fungi will proceed
4 haploid nuclei or 4 haploid cells
Other term for asexual reproduction of fungi (2)
Imperfect stage/ anamorphic stage
Other term for sexual reproduction of fungi (2)
Teleomorphic/ perfect stage
The collective term for the asexual and sexual repro of fungi
Holomorphic
Reproductive Condition where the entire fungi converts itself Into one or more reproductive structures (present in some fungi)
Holocarpic
Reproductive Condition where the reproductive structure of fungi arise from only a portion of the thallus
Eucarpic
What spores are produced during mitosis
Haploid spores
During mitosis, spores ____ and ____ to produce new mycelium
Disperse, germinate
5 types of asexual spores
- Arthrospore
- Chlamydospore
3, sporangiospore
- Conidiospore/conidia
- Blastospore
This type of asexual spore iformed by the fragmentation of septate hypha into single slightly thickened cells
Arthrospore
Fungi with arthrospore
Coccidiodes immitis
A thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment
Chlamydospore
Example of fungi with chlamydospore
Candida albicans
Asexual spore formed within a sac at the end of the aerial hypha
Sporangiospore
Fungi with sporangiospore
Rhizopus
Unicellular or multicellular spore not enclosed by a sac
Conidiospore/conidia
Fungi with conidiospores
Penicillum, Aspergillus,
Type of asexual spore which Consist of a bud coming off from parent cell
Blastospore
Example of fungi with blastospore
Cryptococcus, C. albicans
Aside from hyphae, what other component is involved in sexual reproduction of fung
Gametes or gametangia
True or false: sexual spores are more frequently produced than asexual spores
False, asexual is more produced
True or false: Meiosis is done with multiplication of chromosome number to diploid state
False: meiosis reduction to haploid state of chromosomes
True or false: During meiosis, instead of germination, there is a fusion of nuclei of the two opposite mating types of the same species
True
A single cell that functions as a sex cell
Gametes
Are gametes solely non motile cells?
No, there r also motile gametes
These are multi nucleated cells that either produces gametes or function directly in mating with another cell
Gametangia
Provide 4 sexual spores
- Oospore
- Zygospore
- Ascospore
- Basidiospore
Oospore is the product of the union of ____ and ____
Oogonium, antheridium
Sexual spore formed on top of a pedestal (basidium)
Basidiospore
Sexual spore formed in a sac
Ascospore
The fusion of haploid cells produces what type of sexual spore
Zygospore
Thick walled sexual spores that develops from a fertilized oosphere
Oospore
Other term for Kingdom true fungi
kingdom mycota or eumycota
6 phylum under kingdom true fungi
- Glomeromycota
- basidiomycota
- Ascomycota
- Mitosporic fungi
- Zygomycota
- Chytridiomycota
Distinguishable feature of Ascomycota
Sexual spores born internally in sac called asci
Distinguishable feature of chytridiomycota
Motile spores with flagella
Distinguishable feature of Glomeromycota
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
Distinguishable feature of Basidiomycota
With elaborative fruiting body called basidiocarp
Distinguishable feature of zygomycota
Resistant zygosporangium (as sexual stage)
The phylum of true fungi which can reproduce both sexual and asexually
Zygomycota
This structure is solely found with chytridiomycota
Motile spore (zoospore)
True or false: Chytridiomycota are saprobic fungi and some are parasitic
True
Sexual spores of zygomycota
Zygospores
Phylum of true fungi which is likely ancestral to the remaining groups of true fungi
Chytridiomycota
Examples pf zygotic fungi (2)
Soft rot fungi, black bread mold
Enumerate morphological structures present in zygomycetes
Stolon, rhizoid, suspensor, merospores, apophysis, sporangium, sporangiole, zygospore, etc
2 variations in the arrangement of sporangiosphores
- Sporangiospores bearing elongated sporangiole
- Sporangiospores with sporangia
Asexual spores of zygomycota
Sporangiospore and chlamydospores
True or false: most zygotic fungi are pathogenic
False: most are saprobic decayers of organic matter
What happens During germination period of black bread mold
Germination: Mycelia form. If the 2 mating types (+ and -) are in close proximity, extensions called gametangia form between them.
What happens During plasmogamy period of black bread mold
Fusion between + and – mating types results in a zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei. The zygosporangium forms a thick, protective coat.
What happens during karyogamy in black bread mold
The nuclei fuse to form a zygote with multiple diploid nuclei.
What happens during meiosis and germination of black bread mold
A sporangium grows on a short stalk. Haploid spores are formed inside.
A tree like structure which can penetrate the root cell walls
Arbuscule
The sexual reproduction of ascomycota is aided with what sexual spore
Ascospore
Fungal species under this phylum is almost 90% associated to plant species
Glomeromycota
An example of glomeromycete which is an important symbionts with plant roots that can promote plant growth by acting like an extended root system
Mycorrhizae fungi
The asexual reproduction of ascomycota is aided with what asexual spore
Conidiospores
What type of relationship does the glomeromycota have with plants?
Obligate symbionts
The life cycle of ascomycete start with the fusion of _____ and ____
Ascogonium, antheridium
The largest division under the kingdom true fungi
Ascomycota
many dikaryotic hyphae of ascomycete will form what fruiting body?
Ascocar
This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is less of a cup and more open
Apothecium
What is seen at the tips of the the ascomycete hyphae
Asci
During meiosis, ascus will form how many haploid nuclei ?
4
During mitosis and cell division, how many ascospores are formed?
8
During sexual reproduction of ascomycete, it is characterized by the production of ___
Asci
Provide some morphological structures of ascomycetes
Perithecium, stalked ascoma, lenticular ascospore etc
This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is flask shaped, with an opening where spores escape and resembles the sakaguchi flask
Perithecium
This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is closed and spherical in shape
Cleistothecium
Shapes of ascospore
- Hat shaped
- Kidney shaped to reniform
- Unconjugated asci with 4 ascospore
- Ascus formed by budding
- Ascus formation by conjugation with 1 ascus containing 3-4 ascospore
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: single celled
Amerospores
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: two or more transvere septate arranged like the rungs of a ladder
Phragmospores
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: with radiating arms or projections
Staurospores
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: septae running in two ways, like a mesh of the net, mortar layers of brick walls
Dictyospores
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: long and thin, worm like
Scolecospore
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: with an crosswalls
Didymospores
morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: curve through more than a half circle or coiled
Helicospores
Fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes
Basidiocarp
True or false: in basidiomycota, sexual repro is uncommon
False: sexual is common, asexual is uncommon
This phylum of true fungi includes mushroom, puffball, plant parasitic smuts, stink horns, shelf fungi, rusts
Basidiomycota
Club shaped structures present in basidiomycetes that produces basidiospores
Basidia
Which phyla of true fungi has a life cycle that involved a half generation With a prolonged stage
Life cycle of basidiomycetes
In the life cycle of basidiomycetes, meiosis produces
A Basidium with four haploid nuclei
In the life cycle of basidiomycetes, cell division produces
4 basidiospores
Eclectic group of currently unclassified species, comprised of form-genera and form species with known anamorphs only
Deuteromycetes - imperfect fungi
True or false: when teleomorphic stage is known, that name will take priority over the name of an anamorph
True
morphological and physiological conversion of certain fungi from one
phenotype to another when such fungi change from one environment to another.
Fungal dimorphism
Fungal dimorphism aids in (2)
- Infectivity
- Survive in adverse environment
At 25 degree celsius, which which form of dimorphic fungi will manifest? Mold or yeast
Mold
At 37 degree celsius, which which form of dimorphic fungi will manifest? Mold or yeast
Yeast
4 different forms the Candida albicans can grow as a dimorphic fungi
1 pseudohyphae
- Hyphae
- Blastospore
4 yeast
most prominent features of aspergillus
conidiospores, flask shaped phialides
name the 7 genus of molds
- Aspergillus
- Cladosporium
- Fusarium
- Mucor
- Penicillium
- Rhizopus
- Trichoderma
Holomorphs of genus Aspergillus (3)
Emericella, Eurotium, Neosartorya
Genus of molds where conidiophores have swollen head or vesicle, bearing bottle-shaped phiali
Aspergillus
holomorphs of genus Fusarium (2)
Gibberella, Nectria
two other spore forms that may occur under the genus Fusarium
microconidia and chlamydospores
the genus of molds with colorless conidia w/c are canoe-shaped in side view, have a distinct foot cell at the lower end and are divided by several cross walls
Fusarium
True or false: Microscopic mounts of Cladosporium is very possible
False: Spores are branching chains, so slight movement will disrupt the chain making Microscopic mounts nearly impossible
Genus of molds where there are prominent scars on the spores where the adjacent one is attached. Slow growing, colonies dark greenish to black.
Cladosporium
Genus of molds where colonies are fast-growing, whitish to greyish, usually thick owing to the abundant upright sporangiophores. Always with a large columella that remains after the sporangial wall is broken
Mucor
genus of molds that is common on decaying plants, isolated from air, both indoors and outdoors
Cladosporium
Most abundant genus of fungi in soil
Penicillium
genus of molds where it is commonly isolated from soil, decaying fruits, and house dust
rhizopus
genus of molds where it is commonly isolated from soil, plant debris, and house dust. even sometimes pathogenic to man
Aspergillus
True or false: youngest spores of Cladosporium are at the bottom of the chain while Penicillium species have its young spores at the top of the chain.
False: Cladosporium - Young spores on top
Penicillium - young spores at the bottom
spore bearing systems of Penicillium is also known as ____
penicilli
3 spore bearing systems of Penicillium are called
monoverticillate, biverticillate, terverticillate
the Penicillium spore bearing system that has branches bearing a second order of branches bearing in turn a cluster of phialides
terverticillat
the Penicillium spore bearing system that is unbranched and simply bear a cluster of phialides at the top of the stipe
monoverticillate
the Penicillium spore bearing system that may have a cluster of branches each bearing a cluster of phialides
biverticillate
Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown
biverticillate
Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown
monoverticillate
Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown
terverticillate
Under this genus of molds, colonies are very fast growing and coarse, with dark sporangia.
Rhizopus
serious pests in cultivated mushroom beds
Trichoderma
Under the sporangiophores of Rhizopus are root-like ____. often spreading my means of ____, _____ _____.
rhizoid, aerial, creeping stolons
Known to be antagonistic to other fungi, they kill other fungi with a toxin and then consume them using a combination of lytic enzymes. this suggests that they are microbial predators
Trichoderma
These molds are often regarded as pest in the laboratory because of their rapid growth, dryness, easily airborne spores that can take over all the cultures in the lab in a few days
rhizopus
This genus of molds are usually recognized by its fast growing colonies producing white, green, or yellow cushions of sporulating filaments.
trichoderma
Holomorphs of genus Trichoderma
Hypocrea, Podostrona
