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MCB 101- LEC > Lecture 5: Yeast And Molds > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Yeast And Molds Flashcards

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1
Q

The biggest organism

A

a single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria

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2
Q

approximate coverage of single clone of the “honey mushroom” Armillaria

A

more than 2,200 acres or 1,600 football fields or 890.31 hectares

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3
Q

3 shared characteristics of molds and yeasts

A
  1. Eukaryotic
  2. Absorptive nutrition
  3. Spore-bearing
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4
Q

True or false: Sexual reproduction is more common than asexual reproduction

A

false: Asexual repro is more common

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5
Q

Importance of fungal spores (2)

A

Identification and dispersal

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6
Q

What does fungi releases that digests external substrates

A

hydrolytic exoenzymes

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7
Q

What does the secreted extracellular enzymes of fungi digests?

A

polymeric materials (polysaccharides or proteins)

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8
Q

where does the fungi get its carbon source?

A

organic sources

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9
Q

which structure of fungi releases enzymes?

A

hyphal tips

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10
Q

True or false: Spores are reproductive cells

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Sexual spores are products of mitosis and Asexual spores are products of meiosis

A

false: Sexual spores are products of meiosis and Asexual spores are products of mitosis

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12
Q

spores can be formed (3) - locations

A
  1. Directly on hyphae
  2. Inside sporangia
  3. Fruiting bodies
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13
Q

Example of organism with fruiting bodies

A

Amanita

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14
Q

Example of organism with sporangia

A

Pilobolus

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15
Q

Example of organism with hyphae

A

Penicillum

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16
Q

the approximate output of spores from one reproductive structure

A

reaching into trillions

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17
Q

general characteristics of fungi (4)

A
  1. Achlorophyllous
  2. Heterotrophs
  3. Generally nonmotile except for zoospores
  4. With cell wall
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18
Q

The flagellated spores of some fungi

A

zoospores

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19
Q

The cell wall composition of fungi which occurs also in the exoskeleton of insects, spiders, and other arthropods

A

Chitin

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20
Q

benefits of fungi (5)

A
  1. decomposers
  2. for industrial use
  3. as research tools
  4. biological control agents
  5. food
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21
Q

Example of organisms commonly used as research tools since they are easily cultivated and manipulated compared to large animals

A

Saccharomyces and Neurospora

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22
Q

harms of fungi (2)

A
  1. Pathogens/parasites in plants and animals (causative agents of mycoses)
  2. agents of spoilage of food
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23
Q

This type of fungi are known as decomposers as they break down dead organic matter in order to make energy

A

saprobic fungi

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24
Q

saprobes are mostly decomposers of what organisms ?

A

mostly of plants and some animals

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25
Q

type of fungi that takes their energy from their living host and causes diseases, including to humans

A

parasitic fungi

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26
Q

type of fungi that takes energy from other organism but give something in return

A

mutualistic fungi

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27
Q

The mutual relationship b/w algae and fungi

A

lichens

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28
Q

The mutual relationship b/w root hairs of the plants and fungi

A

mycorrhiza

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29
Q

optimum pH range for growth of fungi

A

acidic scale

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30
Q

true or false: moisture is a requirement by fungi for growth and cannot grow in dry environments

A

false: pwede pa rin sila mag grow sa drier environments

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31
Q

fungi can grow at what osmotic concentration? specify

A

low osmotic concentration (0.5 M or less)

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32
Q

_____ mean tolerant to dry conditions

A

xerotolerant

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33
Q

examples of xerotolerant fungi

A

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Mucor hiemalis

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34
Q

fungi and their relationship with oxygen

A

predominantly obligate organisms

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35
Q

True or false: Fungi are directly affected by the presence and absence of light

A

false, not directly affected

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36
Q

mesophilic fungi are commonly found in (provide temp)

A

temperate regions ranging from 10-40 degree celsius

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37
Q

fungi that are found in low temp

A

psychrophilic fungi

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38
Q

thermophilic fungi are found in ___ and ___, and in ___ ___ with very high temp at more than ___ degree celsius

A

dung, compost, volcanic regions, 40 degree celsius

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39
Q

this structure of fungi resembles a tube of protoplasm surrounded by a rigid cell wall

A

hyphae

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40
Q

most multicellular fungal bodies are commonly called as

A

molds

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41
Q

the tangled network which hyphae forms

A

mycelium

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42
Q

____ is the (body) of fleshy fungi

A

thallus

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43
Q

what happens during elongation of hypha

A

cytoplasmic contents move toward hyphal tip

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44
Q

function of young hyphal tip

A

branches extensively during growth

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45
Q

function of old hyphae

A

absorbs nutrients for the growing tip

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46
Q

True or false: As the days of incubation progresses, the older hyphae is more pigmented compared to the growing hyphal tips which is younger, hyaline or less pigmented

A

true

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47
Q

True or false: with limited nutrients, hyphal tips elongation is not that excessive

A

false: with nutrients limited, they need to extensively elongate their hyphal tips to scavenge for nutrients

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48
Q

True or false: Older hyphae has plastic and stretchable walls and hyphal tip has rigid walls

A

false: Older hyphae is with rigid walls and tips are plastic and stretchable as the continuously grows

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49
Q

the cross walls that occur on hyphae dividing them into cytoplasmic compartments

A

septate/septation

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50
Q

functions of septate (2)

A
  1. adds rigidity
  2. help control flow of nutrients
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51
Q

with repeated nuclear division present in the vegetative cell of fungal hyphae there is no formation of cross walls and this condition is known as

A

coenocytic hyphae

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52
Q

what type of hyphae is present in yeasts

A

pseudohyphae

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53
Q

when the hypha acquire injury this specialized class of peroxisomal derived organelle quickly plugs the septal pore to avoid excessive loss of cytoplasm

A

woronin bodies

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54
Q

the partition that forms b/w dividing cells

A

septum

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55
Q

5 specialized somatic structures arising from the hyphae

A
  1. rhizomorph
  2. mycelial cords
  3. adhesive structures
  4. rings
  5. sclerotium
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56
Q

____ hyphal aggressions that are involved in the long-distance transport from the soil to the mycorrhizal root

A

rhizomorphs

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57
Q

function of mycelial cords

A

redistribute significant amounts of nutrients b/w plants

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58
Q

____ ____ are linear vegetative organs formed from compaction of laterally aligned, outwardly extending hyphae

A

mycelial cord

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59
Q

hyphae adapted for trapping and killing of prey

A

rings

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60
Q

the fungus ___ ____ can form rings or nets to trap its prey. provide the prey ____

A

Arthrobotrys oligospora, nematode

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61
Q

___ a resting body formed by aggregation of somatic hyphae into dense, rounded, flattened, elongated or horn-shaped dark masses

A

Sclerotium

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62
Q

Purpose of sclerotium

A

Contains food reserves essential for dormancy

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63
Q

Two types of tissues formed from hyphae

A
  1. Prosenchyma
  2. Pseudoparenchyma
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64
Q

Other term for prosenchyma

A

Prosoplectenchyma

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65
Q

Other term for pseudoparenchyma

A

Paraplectenchyma

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66
Q

In this type of tissue the hyphae remain distinguishable, loosely woven, parallel to each other

A

Prosenchyma/prosoplectenchyma

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67
Q

In this type of tissue the hyphae are usually not distinguishable, closely packed, with isodiametric or oval cells

A

Pseudoparenchyma/paraplectenchyma

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68
Q

Resembles the parenchyma of higher plants

A

Pseudoparenchyma/paraplectenchyma

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69
Q

2 phases in the fungal life cycle

A
  1. Somatic phase
  2. Reproductive phase
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70
Q

This phase in life of the fungi is characterized by feeding or trophic activities

A

Somatic phase

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71
Q

the phase in life of fungi where they produces spores and specialized structures

A

Reproductive phase

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72
Q

What does fusion of two hyphae in the life cycle of fungi results to?

A

Mycelium that contains haploid nuclei of both individuals

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73
Q

the fusion of the cytoplasm of hyphae is called ____

A

Plasmogamy

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74
Q

The fused hyphae from two organisms with haploid nuclei is called

A

Heterokaryotic

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75
Q

The condition when plasmogamy results with cells having one nuclei from each organism

A

Dikaryotic

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76
Q

When the two nuclei from each organism fused together it forms a

A

Diploid zygote

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77
Q

What does the formation of nuclei called

A

Karyogamy

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78
Q

Provide the number of nuclei/cells when sexual reproduction of fungi will proceed

A

4 haploid nuclei or 4 haploid cells

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79
Q

Other term for asexual reproduction of fungi (2)

A

Imperfect stage/ anamorphic stage

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80
Q

Other term for sexual reproduction of fungi (2)

A

Teleomorphic/ perfect stage

81
Q

The collective term for the asexual and sexual repro of fungi

A

Holomorphic

82
Q

Reproductive Condition where the entire fungi converts itself Into one or more reproductive structures (present in some fungi)

A

Holocarpic

83
Q

Reproductive Condition where the reproductive structure of fungi arise from only a portion of the thallus

A

Eucarpic

84
Q

What spores are produced during mitosis

A

Haploid spores

85
Q

During mitosis, spores ____ and ____ to produce new mycelium

A

Disperse, germinate

86
Q

5 types of asexual spores

A
  1. Arthrospore
  2. Chlamydospore

3, sporangiospore

  1. Conidiospore/conidia
  2. Blastospore
87
Q

This type of asexual spore iformed by the fragmentation of septate hypha into single slightly thickened cells

A

Arthrospore

88
Q

Fungi with arthrospore

A

Coccidiodes immitis

89
Q

A thick walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment

A

Chlamydospore

90
Q

Example of fungi with chlamydospore

A

Candida albicans

91
Q

Asexual spore formed within a sac at the end of the aerial hypha

A

Sporangiospore

92
Q

Fungi with sporangiospore

A

Rhizopus

93
Q

Unicellular or multicellular spore not enclosed by a sac

A

Conidiospore/conidia

94
Q

Fungi with conidiospores

A

Penicillum, Aspergillus,

95
Q

Type of asexual spore which Consist of a bud coming off from parent cell

A

Blastospore

96
Q

Example of fungi with blastospore

A

Cryptococcus, C. albicans

97
Q

Aside from hyphae, what other component is involved in sexual reproduction of fung

A

Gametes or gametangia

98
Q

True or false: sexual spores are more frequently produced than asexual spores

A

False, asexual is more produced

99
Q

True or false: Meiosis is done with multiplication of chromosome number to diploid state

A

False: meiosis reduction to haploid state of chromosomes

100
Q

True or false: During meiosis, instead of germination, there is a fusion of nuclei of the two opposite mating types of the same species

A

True

101
Q

A single cell that functions as a sex cell

A

Gametes

102
Q

Are gametes solely non motile cells?

A

No, there r also motile gametes

103
Q

These are multi nucleated cells that either produces gametes or function directly in mating with another cell

A

Gametangia

104
Q

Provide 4 sexual spores

A
  1. Oospore
  2. Zygospore
  3. Ascospore
  4. Basidiospore
105
Q

Oospore is the product of the union of ____ and ____

A

Oogonium, antheridium

106
Q

Sexual spore formed on top of a pedestal (basidium)

A

Basidiospore

107
Q

Sexual spore formed in a sac

A

Ascospore

108
Q

The fusion of haploid cells produces what type of sexual spore

A

Zygospore

109
Q

Thick walled sexual spores that develops from a fertilized oosphere

A

Oospore

110
Q

Other term for Kingdom true fungi

A

kingdom mycota or eumycota

111
Q

6 phylum under kingdom true fungi

A
  1. Glomeromycota
  2. basidiomycota
  3. Ascomycota
  4. Mitosporic fungi
  5. Zygomycota
  6. Chytridiomycota
112
Q

Distinguishable feature of Ascomycota

A

Sexual spores born internally in sac called asci

113
Q

Distinguishable feature of chytridiomycota

A

Motile spores with flagella

114
Q

Distinguishable feature of Glomeromycota

A

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

115
Q

Distinguishable feature of Basidiomycota

A

With elaborative fruiting body called basidiocarp

116
Q

Distinguishable feature of zygomycota

A

Resistant zygosporangium (as sexual stage)

117
Q

The phylum of true fungi which can reproduce both sexual and asexually

A

Zygomycota

118
Q

This structure is solely found with chytridiomycota

A

Motile spore (zoospore)

119
Q

True or false: Chytridiomycota are saprobic fungi and some are parasitic

A

True

120
Q

Sexual spores of zygomycota

A

Zygospores

121
Q

Phylum of true fungi which is likely ancestral to the remaining groups of true fungi

A

Chytridiomycota

122
Q

Examples pf zygotic fungi (2)

A

Soft rot fungi, black bread mold

123
Q

Enumerate morphological structures present in zygomycetes

A

Stolon, rhizoid, suspensor, merospores, apophysis, sporangium, sporangiole, zygospore, etc

124
Q

2 variations in the arrangement of sporangiosphores

A
  1. Sporangiospores bearing elongated sporangiole
  2. Sporangiospores with sporangia
125
Q

Asexual spores of zygomycota

A

Sporangiospore and chlamydospores

126
Q

True or false: most zygotic fungi are pathogenic

A

False: most are saprobic decayers of organic matter

127
Q

What happens During germination period of black bread mold

A

Germination: Mycelia form. If the 2 mating types (+ and -) are in close proximity, extensions called gametangia form between them.

128
Q

What happens During plasmogamy period of black bread mold

A

Fusion between + and – mating types results in a zygosporangium with multiple haploid nuclei. The zygosporangium forms a thick, protective coat.

129
Q

What happens during karyogamy in black bread mold

A

The nuclei fuse to form a zygote with multiple diploid nuclei.

130
Q

What happens during meiosis and germination of black bread mold

A

A sporangium grows on a short stalk. Haploid spores are formed inside.

131
Q

A tree like structure which can penetrate the root cell walls

A

Arbuscule

132
Q

The sexual reproduction of ascomycota is aided with what sexual spore

A

Ascospore

133
Q

Fungal species under this phylum is almost 90% associated to plant species

A

Glomeromycota

134
Q

An example of glomeromycete which is an important symbionts with plant roots that can promote plant growth by acting like an extended root system

A

Mycorrhizae fungi

135
Q

The asexual reproduction of ascomycota is aided with what asexual spore

A

Conidiospores

136
Q

What type of relationship does the glomeromycota have with plants?

A

Obligate symbionts

137
Q

The life cycle of ascomycete start with the fusion of _____ and ____

A

Ascogonium, antheridium

138
Q

The largest division under the kingdom true fungi

A

Ascomycota

139
Q

many dikaryotic hyphae of ascomycete will form what fruiting body?

A

Ascocar

140
Q

This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is less of a cup and more open

A

Apothecium

141
Q

What is seen at the tips of the the ascomycete hyphae

A

Asci

142
Q

During meiosis, ascus will form how many haploid nuclei ?

A

4

143
Q

During mitosis and cell division, how many ascospores are formed?

A

8

144
Q

During sexual reproduction of ascomycete, it is characterized by the production of ___

A

Asci

145
Q

Provide some morphological structures of ascomycetes

A

Perithecium, stalked ascoma, lenticular ascospore etc

146
Q

This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is flask shaped, with an opening where spores escape and resembles the sakaguchi flask

A

Perithecium

147
Q

This type of fruiting body of ascomycete is closed and spherical in shape

A

Cleistothecium

148
Q

Shapes of ascospore

A
  1. Hat shaped
  2. Kidney shaped to reniform
  3. Unconjugated asci with 4 ascospore
  4. Ascus formed by budding
  5. Ascus formation by conjugation with 1 ascus containing 3-4 ascospore
149
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: single celled

A

Amerospores

150
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: two or more transvere septate arranged like the rungs of a ladder

A

Phragmospores

151
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: with radiating arms or projections

A

Staurospores

152
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: septae running in two ways, like a mesh of the net, mortar layers of brick walls

A

Dictyospores

153
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: long and thin, worm like

A

Scolecospore

154
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: with an crosswalls

A

Didymospores

155
Q

morphological characters of the microscopic conidia: curve through more than a half circle or coiled

A

Helicospores

156
Q

Fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes

A

Basidiocarp

157
Q

True or false: in basidiomycota, sexual repro is uncommon

A

False: sexual is common, asexual is uncommon

158
Q

This phylum of true fungi includes mushroom, puffball, plant parasitic smuts, stink horns, shelf fungi, rusts

A

Basidiomycota

159
Q

Club shaped structures present in basidiomycetes that produces basidiospores

A

Basidia

160
Q

Which phyla of true fungi has a life cycle that involved a half generation With a prolonged stage

A

Life cycle of basidiomycetes

161
Q

In the life cycle of basidiomycetes, meiosis produces

A

A Basidium with four haploid nuclei

162
Q

In the life cycle of basidiomycetes, cell division produces

A

4 basidiospores

163
Q

Eclectic group of currently unclassified species, comprised of form-genera and form species with known anamorphs only

A

Deuteromycetes - imperfect fungi

164
Q

True or false: when teleomorphic stage is known, that name will take priority over the name of an anamorph

A

True

165
Q

morphological and physiological conversion of certain fungi from one

phenotype to another when such fungi change from one environment to another.

A

Fungal dimorphism

166
Q

Fungal dimorphism aids in (2)

A
  1. Infectivity
  2. Survive in adverse environment
167
Q

At 25 degree celsius, which which form of dimorphic fungi will manifest? Mold or yeast

A

Mold

168
Q

At 37 degree celsius, which which form of dimorphic fungi will manifest? Mold or yeast

A

Yeast

169
Q

4 different forms the Candida albicans can grow as a dimorphic fungi

A

1 pseudohyphae

  1. Hyphae
  2. Blastospore

4 yeast

170
Q

most prominent features of aspergillus

A

conidiospores, flask shaped phialides

171
Q

name the 7 genus of molds

A
  1. Aspergillus
  2. Cladosporium
  3. Fusarium
  4. Mucor
  5. Penicillium
  6. Rhizopus
  7. Trichoderma
172
Q

Holomorphs of genus Aspergillus (3)

A

Emericella, Eurotium, Neosartorya

173
Q

Genus of molds where conidiophores have swollen head or vesicle, bearing bottle-shaped phiali

A

Aspergillus

174
Q

holomorphs of genus Fusarium (2)

A

Gibberella, Nectria

175
Q

two other spore forms that may occur under the genus Fusarium

A

microconidia and chlamydospores

176
Q

the genus of molds with colorless conidia w/c are canoe-shaped in side view, have a distinct foot cell at the lower end and are divided by several cross walls

A

Fusarium

177
Q

True or false: Microscopic mounts of Cladosporium is very possible

A

False: Spores are branching chains, so slight movement will disrupt the chain making Microscopic mounts nearly impossible

178
Q

Genus of molds where there are prominent scars on the spores where the adjacent one is attached. Slow growing, colonies dark greenish to black.

A

Cladosporium

179
Q

Genus of molds where colonies are fast-growing, whitish to greyish, usually thick owing to the abundant upright sporangiophores. Always with a large columella that remains after the sporangial wall is broken

A

Mucor

180
Q

genus of molds that is common on decaying plants, isolated from air, both indoors and outdoors

A

Cladosporium

181
Q

Most abundant genus of fungi in soil

A

Penicillium

182
Q

genus of molds where it is commonly isolated from soil, decaying fruits, and house dust

A

rhizopus

183
Q

genus of molds where it is commonly isolated from soil, plant debris, and house dust. even sometimes pathogenic to man

A

Aspergillus

184
Q

True or false: youngest spores of Cladosporium are at the bottom of the chain while Penicillium species have its young spores at the top of the chain.

A

False: Cladosporium - Young spores on top
Penicillium - young spores at the bottom

185
Q

spore bearing systems of Penicillium is also known as ____

A

penicilli

186
Q

3 spore bearing systems of Penicillium are called

A

monoverticillate, biverticillate, terverticillate

187
Q

the Penicillium spore bearing system that has branches bearing a second order of branches bearing in turn a cluster of phialides

A

terverticillat

188
Q

the Penicillium spore bearing system that is unbranched and simply bear a cluster of phialides at the top of the stipe

A

monoverticillate

189
Q

the Penicillium spore bearing system that may have a cluster of branches each bearing a cluster of phialides

A

biverticillate

190
Q

Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown

A

biverticillate

191
Q

Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown

A

monoverticillate

192
Q

Identify what type of the Penicillium spore bearing system is shown

A

terverticillate

193
Q

Under this genus of molds, colonies are very fast growing and coarse, with dark sporangia.

A

Rhizopus

194
Q

serious pests in cultivated mushroom beds

A

Trichoderma

195
Q

Under the sporangiophores of Rhizopus are root-like ____. often spreading my means of ____, _____ _____.

A

rhizoid, aerial, creeping stolons

196
Q

Known to be antagonistic to other fungi, they kill other fungi with a toxin and then consume them using a combination of lytic enzymes. this suggests that they are microbial predators

A

Trichoderma

197
Q

These molds are often regarded as pest in the laboratory because of their rapid growth, dryness, easily airborne spores that can take over all the cultures in the lab in a few days

A

rhizopus

198
Q

This genus of molds are usually recognized by its fast growing colonies producing white, green, or yellow cushions of sporulating filaments.

A

trichoderma

199
Q

Holomorphs of genus Trichoderma

A

Hypocrea, Podostrona

MCB 101- LEC (6 decks)

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