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MCB 101- LEC > Lecture 1: Classification Schemes > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Classification Schemes Flashcards

- Discuss the past and the present classification schemes - Explain the three-domain system of classification

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1
Q

When did the classification schemes started? And how many kingdom did it started? Who developed it?

A

1735 with 2- Kingdom
systems developed by Linnaeus

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2
Q

He “Latinized” the names of animals
and plants

A

Carl Linnaeus

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3
Q

What did Carl Linnaeus proposed?

A

Two kingdoms
namely Animalia (animals) and Vegetabilia (plants) based on their similarities

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4
Q

Linnaeus is credited for system in naming the organism known as

A

Binomial
Nomenclature

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5
Q

The book includes classification and
names of animals in Latin.

A

Systema Naturae authored by Linnaeus in 1758

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6
Q

What does Regnum refers to?

A

Kingdom or Dominion

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7
Q

Refers to
quadropeds (four-legged) that are vertebrate animals (cattle, dogs, etc.)

A

Quadrupedia

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8
Q

Refers to warm-blooded
vertebrates constituting the birds

A

Aves

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9
Q

Consist of cold-blooded animals that could thrive in land and water

A

Amphibia

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10
Q

Refers to the worms which is no longer an accepted name
(taxon) for non-arthropod invertebrate animals

A

Vermes

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11
Q

A German biologist and professor who discovered,
described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms

A

Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (Ernst Haeckel)

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12
Q

His 1866 tree of life that shows three kingdoms: Plantae, Protista and Animalia is called?

A

Generelle Morphologie der Organismen

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13
Q

In his tree of life, primitive forms of life are found ___________ whereas, advanced forms are found at ______________.

A

Primitive forms of life are found close to the trunk of the tree whereas, advanced forms are found at the tips of the branches.

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14
Q

A French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the eukaryotic and
prokaryotic systems of cellular organization

A

Édouard Chatton

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15
Q

Chatton coined the terms in his 1925 paper

A

Pansporella perplex:
Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.

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16
Q

Chatton proposed the conceptual basis for taxa at the highest level by recognizing two general patterns of cellular organization

A

the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes

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17
Q

Organisms without a definite nucleus and
individualized mitochondria which include the bacteria and related (affined) forms

A

prokaryotes

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18
Q

Are organisms equipped with nucleus, mitochondria and organelles, like algae, plants, animals, etc.

A

eukaryotes

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19
Q

An American biologist who contributed the fourth kingdom, Monera

A

Herbert Faulkner Copeland

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20
Q

In 1966, Copeland included bacteria and one of the most primitive algae called?

A

blue green algae

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21
Q

Monera are described as

A

unicellular organisms without nucleus (prokaryotic cell organization).

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22
Q

His father, Herbert F. Copeland (contributed the 4th Kingdom Monera) and known as America’s leading pteridologists (study of ferns).

A

Dr. Edwin B. Copeland

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23
Q

Dr. Edwin B. Copeland is known for founding the ______________ which is part of the University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna in year _______.

A

The University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, year 1909.

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24
Q

Copeland Gymnasium is named after Dr. E.B. Copeland and this huge structure is located within __________.

A

the College of
Veterinary Medicine, UPLB.

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25
Q

An American plant ecologist who first proposed the five-kingdom scheme in 1969

A

Robert Harding Whittaker

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26
Q

Robert Harding Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom scheme in year______, consisting:

A

Monera, Protista, Plants, Animals and Fungi

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27
Q

In Whittaker five-kingdom scheme, Fungi is treated a separate kingdom consisting of:

A

multicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes the yeast (unicellular), molds and mushrooms (multicellular
eukaryotic organisms)

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28
Q

This classification which categorized biome-types upon two abiotic factors: __________ and _________, called____________?

A

temperature and precipitation, Whittaker Biome Classification

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29
Q

An American microbiologist who proposed the 6-kingdom scheme

A

Carl R. Woese

30
Q

Woese 6-kingdom scheme consisted

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista

31
Q

Carl Woese and ____________ were well-known in discovering and defining the_________.

A

George E. Fox; Archaea

32
Q

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are both

A

unicellular and prokaryotic but differ significantly in cell wall compositions and other features.

33
Q

Archaebacteria (Archaea) are and having a _____________ peptidoglycan layer of phospholipids in the cell membranes

A

devoid, branched chain (monolayer)

34
Q

Eubacteria (“true bacteria”, bacteria) ________ peptidoglycan and having phospholipid ________ in the membrane.

A

have peptidoglycan, bilayer

35
Q

Plantae, Animalia are both _________ and _________ Animalia has no _______ and it is present in Kingdom ________
Fungi and Protista both comprised of _____________ and _________ organisms.

A

multicellular and eukaryotic; cell wall, Plantae;
unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic

36
Q

In 1990, the historic paper “_____________” authored by ________________ proposed a new category of classification of life - __________, a classification category _________ Kingdom

A

“Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.”;
Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, & Mark L. Wheelis; the Domain;
above

37
Q

_________, _____________ and _____________ used the small subunit of RNA (rRNA)* as the _______________.

A

Woese, Kandler and Wheelis; evolutionary chronometer (evolutionary clock)

38
Q

Woese, Kandler and Wheelis used rRNA: ________ for Prokaryotes; _______ for Eukaryotes

A

16S rRNA; 18S rRNA

39
Q

The vertical line
at the base of the tree of life represents ___________. Archaea were more closely
related to _______________ than to _____________.

A

the last universal common ancestor (LUCA); the eukaryotes (including humans) than bacteria

40
Q

The rRNA was used by Woese, Kandler and Wheelis due the 3 following reasons:

A
  1. It is ubiquitous or universally distributed in all life and functions similarly between organisms (rRNA participates
    in protein synthesis).
  2. Its nucleotide sequence is relatively conserved or changes slowly but yet containing enough variability to determine evolutionary relationships. This property is good for looking across long periods of time (evolutionary relationship).
  3. Since the nucleotide sequences can be determined, it can be aligned or matched up between 2 organisms
    facilitating ease of comparison.
41
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Presence of true membrane-bound nucleus:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes

42
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
DNA complexed with histones:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: No
Archaea: Some
and Eukarya: Yes

43
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Chromosomes:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Usually one circular chromosomes Archaea: One circular chromosome
and Eukarya: More than one; chromosomes are linear

44
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Plasmids:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Very common
Archaea: Very common
and Eukarya: Rare

45
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Introns in genes
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Rare
Archaea: Rare
and Eukarya: Yes

46
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Nucleolus
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes

47
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, Golgi and Lysosomes Observed
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes

48
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Plasma Membrane Lipids
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Ester-linked phospholipids and hopanoids
Archaea: Glycerol diethers and diglycerol tetraethers
and Eukarya: Ester-linked phospholipids and sterols

49
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Flagella
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of single type flagellin
Archaea: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of multiple different type flagellins
and Eukarya: Microscopic in size, membrane bound; usually 20 microtubules in 9+2 pattern

50
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Ribosome Size and Structure
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: 70S; 3 rRNAs; ~55 ribosomal proteins
Archaea: 70S; most have 3 rRNAs ~68 ribosomal proteins
and Eukarya: 80S; 4 rRNAs and 80 ribosomal proteins

50
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Yes
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: No

51
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Cytoskeleton
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Rudimentary
Archaea: Rudimentary
and Eukarya: No

52
Q

Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Gas Vesicles
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________

A

Bacteria: Yes
Archaea: Yes
and Eukarya: No

53
Q

Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic

A

Animalia

54
Q

Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, cellulose cell walls; usually photoautorotrophic

A

Plantae

55
Q

Part of Domain Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular, cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments

A

Fungi

56
Q

A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms (they are unicellular and much larger than bacteria and archaea

A

Protista

57
Q

Enteric bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella typhus, Legionella, Heliobacter pylorii (cause of many
ulcers), Neisseria gonorrhea (cause of gonorrhea). These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria.

A

Proteobacteria

58
Q

Photosynthetic ‘blue-green’ bacteria = produce O2 gas. Over 2 billion years ago, these
bacteria made the O2 rich atmosphere in which we live. These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic chloroplasts.

A

Cyanobacteria

59
Q

Spiral bacteria: cause syphilis, Lyme disease

A

Spirochaetes

60
Q
A
61
Q

Chlorobiaceae are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that use sulfide or elemental sulfur and, in some species and part of _______ Major Group.

A

Green sulfur bacteria:

62
Q

Are gram-negative nonsporing anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the digestive tract

A

Bacteriodes

63
Q

Thermophilic or hyperthermophilic typically a rod-shaped cell enveloped in an outer cell
membrane (the ‘toga’)

A

Thermotaga

64
Q

This domain are known to have the ability to live or thrive in extreme environments

A

Domain Archaea

65
Q

This domain is comprised of microorganisms that are beneficial to us (as natural flora in our bodies), food,
industry, medicine, and agriculture and some of them are disease causing (pathogens)

A

Domain Bacteria

66
Q

Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. and are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment.

A

Methanogens – methane producers

67
Q

isolated from the deepsea Alvin probe, was the first Archaean whose genome was sequenced.

A

Methanococcus jannaschii

68
Q

Prefer temperatures above 60 0C (up to 110 0C for hyperthermophiles) or near or below freezing. (Some
thermophiles will die at room temperature)

A

Extreme Thermophiles – thrive in high or very low temperatures

69
Q

Thermophiles are usually found in__________.

A

Thermophiles live in hot sulfur springs (like Yellowstone Park, USA), deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. (Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis)

MCB 101- LEC (6 decks)

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