Lecture 1: Classification Schemes Flashcards
- Discuss the past and the present classification schemes - Explain the three-domain system of classification
When did the classification schemes started? And how many kingdom did it started? Who developed it?
1735 with 2- Kingdom
systems developed by Linnaeus
He “Latinized” the names of animals
and plants
Carl Linnaeus
What did Carl Linnaeus proposed?
Two kingdoms
namely Animalia (animals) and Vegetabilia (plants) based on their similarities
Linnaeus is credited for system in naming the organism known as
Binomial
Nomenclature
The book includes classification and
names of animals in Latin.
Systema Naturae authored by Linnaeus in 1758
What does Regnum refers to?
Kingdom or Dominion
Refers to
quadropeds (four-legged) that are vertebrate animals (cattle, dogs, etc.)
Quadrupedia
Refers to warm-blooded
vertebrates constituting the birds
Aves
Consist of cold-blooded animals that could thrive in land and water
Amphibia
Refers to the worms which is no longer an accepted name
(taxon) for non-arthropod invertebrate animals
Vermes
A German biologist and professor who discovered,
described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (Ernst Haeckel)
His 1866 tree of life that shows three kingdoms: Plantae, Protista and Animalia is called?
Generelle Morphologie der Organismen
In his tree of life, primitive forms of life are found ___________ whereas, advanced forms are found at ______________.
Primitive forms of life are found close to the trunk of the tree whereas, advanced forms are found at the tips of the branches.
A French biologist who first characterized the distinction between the eukaryotic and
prokaryotic systems of cellular organization
Édouard Chatton
Chatton coined the terms in his 1925 paper
Pansporella perplex:
Reflections on the Biology and Phylogeny of the Protozoa.
Chatton proposed the conceptual basis for taxa at the highest level by recognizing two general patterns of cellular organization
the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes
Organisms without a definite nucleus and
individualized mitochondria which include the bacteria and related (affined) forms
prokaryotes
Are organisms equipped with nucleus, mitochondria and organelles, like algae, plants, animals, etc.
eukaryotes
An American biologist who contributed the fourth kingdom, Monera
Herbert Faulkner Copeland
In 1966, Copeland included bacteria and one of the most primitive algae called?
blue green algae
Monera are described as
unicellular organisms without nucleus (prokaryotic cell organization).
His father, Herbert F. Copeland (contributed the 4th Kingdom Monera) and known as America’s leading pteridologists (study of ferns).
Dr. Edwin B. Copeland
Dr. Edwin B. Copeland is known for founding the ______________ which is part of the University of the Philippines at Los Baños, Laguna in year _______.
The University of the Philippines College of Agriculture, year 1909.
Copeland Gymnasium is named after Dr. E.B. Copeland and this huge structure is located within __________.
the College of
Veterinary Medicine, UPLB.
An American plant ecologist who first proposed the five-kingdom scheme in 1969
Robert Harding Whittaker
Robert Harding Whittaker proposed the five-kingdom scheme in year______, consisting:
Monera, Protista, Plants, Animals and Fungi
In Whittaker five-kingdom scheme, Fungi is treated a separate kingdom consisting of:
multicellular eukaryotic organisms that includes the yeast (unicellular), molds and mushrooms (multicellular
eukaryotic organisms)
This classification which categorized biome-types upon two abiotic factors: __________ and _________, called____________?
temperature and precipitation, Whittaker Biome Classification
An American microbiologist who proposed the 6-kingdom scheme
Carl R. Woese
Woese 6-kingdom scheme consisted
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista
Carl Woese and ____________ were well-known in discovering and defining the_________.
George E. Fox; Archaea
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are both
unicellular and prokaryotic but differ significantly in cell wall compositions and other features.
Archaebacteria (Archaea) are and having a _____________ peptidoglycan layer of phospholipids in the cell membranes
devoid, branched chain (monolayer)
Eubacteria (“true bacteria”, bacteria) ________ peptidoglycan and having phospholipid ________ in the membrane.
have peptidoglycan, bilayer
Plantae, Animalia are both _________ and _________ Animalia has no _______ and it is present in Kingdom ________
Fungi and Protista both comprised of _____________ and _________ organisms.
multicellular and eukaryotic; cell wall, Plantae;
unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic
In 1990, the historic paper “_____________” authored by ________________ proposed a new category of classification of life - __________, a classification category _________ Kingdom
“Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.”;
Carl R. Woese, Otto Kandler, & Mark L. Wheelis; the Domain;
above
_________, _____________ and _____________ used the small subunit of RNA (rRNA)* as the _______________.
Woese, Kandler and Wheelis; evolutionary chronometer (evolutionary clock)
Woese, Kandler and Wheelis used rRNA: ________ for Prokaryotes; _______ for Eukaryotes
16S rRNA; 18S rRNA
The vertical line
at the base of the tree of life represents ___________. Archaea were more closely
related to _______________ than to _____________.
the last universal common ancestor (LUCA); the eukaryotes (including humans) than bacteria
The rRNA was used by Woese, Kandler and Wheelis due the 3 following reasons:
- It is ubiquitous or universally distributed in all life and functions similarly between organisms (rRNA participates
in protein synthesis). - Its nucleotide sequence is relatively conserved or changes slowly but yet containing enough variability to determine evolutionary relationships. This property is good for looking across long periods of time (evolutionary relationship).
- Since the nucleotide sequences can be determined, it can be aligned or matched up between 2 organisms
facilitating ease of comparison.
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Presence of true membrane-bound nucleus:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
DNA complexed with histones:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: No
Archaea: Some
and Eukarya: Yes
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains Chromosomes:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Usually one circular chromosomes Archaea: One circular chromosome
and Eukarya: More than one; chromosomes are linear
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Plasmids:
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Very common
Archaea: Very common
and Eukarya: Rare
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Introns in genes
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Rare
Archaea: Rare
and Eukarya: Yes
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Nucleolus
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Mitochondria, Chloroplast, ER, Golgi and Lysosomes Observed
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: No
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: Yes
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Plasma Membrane Lipids
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Ester-linked phospholipids and hopanoids
Archaea: Glycerol diethers and diglycerol tetraethers
and Eukarya: Ester-linked phospholipids and sterols
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Flagella
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of single type flagellin
Archaea: Submicroscopic in size, filament composed of multiple different type flagellins
and Eukarya: Microscopic in size, membrane bound; usually 20 microtubules in 9+2 pattern
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Ribosome Size and Structure
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: 70S; 3 rRNAs; ~55 ribosomal proteins
Archaea: 70S; most have 3 rRNAs ~68 ribosomal proteins
and Eukarya: 80S; 4 rRNAs and 80 ribosomal proteins
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Peptidoglycan in Cell Walls
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Yes
Archaea: No
and Eukarya: No
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Cytoskeleton
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Rudimentary
Archaea: Rudimentary
and Eukarya: No
Distinguishing characteristics of Domains
Gas Vesicles
Bacteria: ____________
Archaea: ____________
and Eukarya: __________
Bacteria: Yes
Archaea: Yes
and Eukarya: No
Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
Animalia
Part of Domain Eukarya: With multicellular, cellulose cell walls; usually photoautorotrophic
Plantae
Part of Domain Eukarya: Unicellular or multicellular, cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments
Fungi
A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms (they are unicellular and much larger than bacteria and archaea
Protista
Enteric bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella typhus, Legionella, Heliobacter pylorii (cause of many
ulcers), Neisseria gonorrhea (cause of gonorrhea). These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria.
Proteobacteria
Photosynthetic ‘blue-green’ bacteria = produce O2 gas. Over 2 billion years ago, these
bacteria made the O2 rich atmosphere in which we live. These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic chloroplasts.
Cyanobacteria
Spiral bacteria: cause syphilis, Lyme disease
Spirochaetes
Chlorobiaceae are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that use sulfide or elemental sulfur and, in some species and part of _______ Major Group.
Green sulfur bacteria:
Are gram-negative nonsporing anaerobic bacteria that inhabit the digestive tract
Bacteriodes
Thermophilic or hyperthermophilic typically a rod-shaped cell enveloped in an outer cell
membrane (the ‘toga’)
Thermotaga
This domain are known to have the ability to live or thrive in extreme environments
Domain Archaea
This domain is comprised of microorganisms that are beneficial to us (as natural flora in our bodies), food,
industry, medicine, and agriculture and some of them are disease causing (pathogens)
Domain Bacteria
Live in swamps, marshes, gut of cattle, termites, etc. and are decomposers; and can be used in sewage treatment.
Methanogens – methane producers
isolated from the deepsea Alvin probe, was the first Archaean whose genome was sequenced.
Methanococcus jannaschii
Prefer temperatures above 60 0C (up to 110 0C for hyperthermophiles) or near or below freezing. (Some
thermophiles will die at room temperature)
Extreme Thermophiles – thrive in high or very low temperatures
Thermophiles are usually found in__________.
Thermophiles live in hot sulfur springs (like Yellowstone Park, USA), deep sea hydrothermal vents “black smokers”, geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc. (Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis)
