Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology of Cells and Systems (Year 2) > Lecture 5 (Respiration 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 5 (Respiration 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is total ventillation?

A

Total ventilation is the volume of air moved out of the lungs per unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you calcite total ventilation? (at rest)
And what should the values be at rest?

A

Total ventilation = Tidal volume x Breathing frequency
6 litres/min = 0.5 litres x 12 breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What two zones are the respiratory system made up of? (2)

A

Respiratory system

Conducting zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which zone of the respiratory system does gas exchange take place in?

A

Respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why doesn’t all the fresh air reach the alveoli?

A

Some air stays in dead zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much CO2 do we produce per minute?

A

200ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does partial pressure change when hyperventilating?

A

Same amount of CO2 released, bigger volume is expired so partial pressure drops from 40 to 20?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when you hyperventilate? (3)

A

-Decreased partial pressure
-Reduces CO2 in blood
-So you have Alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when you hypoventilate? (3)

A

-Increased partial pressure
-Increases CO2 in blood
-So you have Acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does ventilation change at different parts of the lung? (2)

A

-Lowest ventilaltion as Apex
-Highest ventilation at Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the parts of the lung (apex and base) in terms of compliance and starting volume? (2)

A

At apex = larger starting volume – lower compliance
At base = smaller starting volume – higher compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does gravity affect ventilation in lungs?

A

If your upside down ventilation rate switches so highest is always at the bottom and west at top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is ventilation lower at top of lungs? (3)

A

-At top of lungs have the lung weight pulling down, creates a greater vacuum (more negative pressure)

-Leads to alveoli in apex having greater starting volume

-and lower compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is ventilation higher at bottom of the lungs? (2)

A

-Weight pushes down and reduces interpleural pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Compliance?

A

Compliance is link between change in volume and pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Perfusion?

A

The passage of blood through vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure and explain them? (4)

A

-Systemic and pulmonary blood pressure

-Systemic is high pressure system with a high resistance
-Pulmonary is a low-pressure system with a low resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is pulmonary blood pressure low?

A

Blood only needs to go from heart to top of the lungs in pulmonary so only low pressure needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is system blood pressure high?

A

Because blood needs to be pumped around the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the relation of volume per min between systemic and pulmonary pressure?

A

The volume must stay the same inn both cirulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is pulmonary resistance at its lowest?

A

When lungs are at Functional Residual Capacity

22
Q

What is residual capacity and functional residual capacity? (2)

A

Functional residual capacity - the volume remaining in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

Residual capacity - the volume remaining when you have expired as much air as possible

23
Q

What is pulmonary resistance linked to? (2)

A

Resistance in lungs is linked between circulation and volume

24
Q

What are the two types of blood pressure in the lungs? (pulmonary circulation)

A

Alveolar Vessels: Capillaries and slightly larger vessels surrounded on all sides by alveoli

Extra-Alveolar Vessels: vessels that are not surrounded by alveoli

25
Q

What is transmural pressure?

A

Transmural pressure is volume in alveoli and blood vessel

26
Q

What happens with changes in inter-pleural pressure (high or low) in terms of diameter of vessels and resistance? (4)

A

-Larger vacuum in inter-pleural space has effect of expanding extra alveolar vessels and resistance goes down

-Small interpleural pressure, diameter of vessels gets smaller so more resistance

27
Q

When is the pulmonary resistance at its lowest?

A

At functional residual capacity

28
Q

How does resistance go down at residual capacity? (3)

A

When Residual volume, expired as much air as you can
-So alveoli have a small volume
-Allows capillaries and blood vessels for space to expand
-These vessels have lower resistance

29
Q

How does resistance go up when breathing in? (3)

A

When you breathe in lungs expand,
-Alveolar volume expands
-Compresses capillaries, diameter of vessels goes down
-Resistance goes up

30
Q

How do extra-alveolar vessels differ in terms of resistance when you breathe in and out? (2)

A

-Effects reversed so resistance goes up when you breathe out
-Goes down when you breathe in

31
Q

How do Alveolar vessels change in terms of resistance when you breathe in and out? (2)

A

-Resistance goes down when you breathe out
-Goes up when you breathe in

32
Q

What are the 3 states capillaries are in at the lungs? (3)

A

-At rest capillaries are open and allow blood to flow through

-Capillaries that are open, pressure is enough to keep them open but not force blood through

-And some that are completely closed with no blood blow

33
Q

What is capillary recruitment?

A

Having capillaries in different states
-open allow blood
-open don’t allow blood
-closed don’t allow blood
That open with increased pressure and allow blood to flow

34
Q

What is the purpose of capillary recruitment? (2)

A

-So pulmonary circulation can accommodate extra pressure and flow of blood

-By opening up these vessels you reduce resistance as there is more pathways for blood to flow through

35
Q

What does lung perfusion depend on? (2)

A

Perfusion depends on your posture and gravity

36
Q

How does perfusion change in different parts of the lung? (3)

A

-At the base of the lung, we tend to have maximum perfusion and minimum at apex

-Slight dip at the very base

37
Q

Where is the reference point for pulmonary circulation pressures?

A

Outside the heart at the level of the left atrium

38
Q

What is the pressure in pulmonary arterials and venues? (2)

A

PPA - Pressure in pulmonary arterioles – Mean of about 15mmHg = 20 cm H2O

PPV - Pressure in pulmonary venules - Mean of about 8mmHg = 10 cmH2O

39
Q

How do Pv and Pa (pulmonary article/venule pressure) change even 1cm above of below heart?

A

Drops by 1cm of H2O

40
Q

What is Pa (alveolar pressure) relative to?

A

Model pressure is relative to atmospheric pressure, the model considers the point when there is no movement of air (when no difference pressure is 0cm H2O)

41
Q

What is Ptm?

A

Transmural pressure gradient across the wall of the vessel

42
Q

When is zone 1 used in lung?

A

Zone 1 only occurs in hemorrhage or when connected to ventilator where air is forced into lungs

(Blood vessels squeezed down preventing blood flow, low pressure)

43
Q

Where is zone 2 of the lung?

A

Above the heart

44
Q

Describe the pressure in zone 2 of the lungs? (3)

A

-The higher you go the pressure drops off a bit

-Same gradient drop and pressure in alveoli

-Blood vessel capillary is constricted
-The closer you go to level of heart the less the blood vessel capillary is constricted
-Small increases in pressure is enough to pop open these vessels

45
Q

Describe zone 3 in the lung in terms of pressure and blood flow? (3)

A

-Added pressure from gravity, expand capillaries that accommodate more blood flow

-At the base of the lung more drop off, capillaries expanded through alveoli and extra are constricted due to low inter-pleural pressure

-Low blood flow into capillaries due to constriction of alveolar vessels

46
Q

How do you find ventilation/perfusion ratio?
What does this influence?

A

-Ratio = Ventilation / Perfusion

-Blood gas composition

47
Q

Where in the lung is Ventilation perfusion ratio highest and lowest? (2)

A

Ventilation perfusion ration is highest at base and lowest at apex

48
Q

When does ventilation/perfusion ratio become infinity?

A

In dead space

Because there is no exchange the gas composition in the affected alveoli becomes the same as moist inspired air

49
Q

What happens at local reduction of ventilation (shunt)? (3)
(caused by tumor of foreign body)

A

V/P ratio goes towards 0 and body reacts by redirecting air to other areas of lungs, local bronchoconstriction and vasoconstriction to parts of the lung

50
Q

How do you get Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch?

A

Sleviolar dead space - ratio goes to 0

50
Q

How do you get Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch?

A

Sleviolar dead space - ratio goes to 0

50
Q

How do you get Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch?

A

Sleviolar dead space - ratio goes to 0

Physiology of Cells and Systems (Year 2) (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions