Lecture 5 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How many reactions does the citric acid cycle have?

A

8 reactions with 8 enzymes mediating the cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reaction 1 of the CAC

A

Condensation reaction

the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase.

CoA-SH and heat are released.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What kind of condensation reaction is reaction 1 of the CAC?

A
  • A Claisen condensation reaction → one ester and a carbonyl compound are linked in a carbon-carbon bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Thermodynamics of CAC reaction 1

A

∆G’o = -31.5 kJ/mol.

  • Though exergonic because of the hydrolysis of the thioester under standard conditions, the citrate synthase reaction operates near equilibrium in vivo (∆G’ ~ 0) because the cells keep [oxaloacetate] very low.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Reaction 2 of the CAC

A

Citrate is isomerized by dehydration to an intermediate, cis-aconitate, and then rehydration to isocitrate, all catalyzed by aconitase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the enzyme aconitase sensitive to? why?

A

Oxygen levels → therefore REDOX reactions

  • Aconitase has an iron-sulfur (FeS) center, in which 1 electron redox is possible (Fe3+ to Fe2+). => reactive oxygen species (ROS) can impair the flux through the citric acid cycle and, therefore, energy metabolism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 2 of CAC

A

Endergonic → ∆G’ᴼ = ~5 kJ/mol.

  • Though endergonic, the reactions is ‘pulled’ by the following reaction which is exergonic → aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase are indirectly coupled.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reaction 3 of the CAC

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate.

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • CO2 is released.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is unique about the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

There are 2 isoforms of the enzyme in the mitochondria; one that uses NAD+ and the other NADP+; the NAD+-dependent enzyme is in the citric acid cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 3 of CAC

A

Exergonic → ∆G’o = -21 kJ/mol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Reaction 4 of the CAC

A

𝛼-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation to succinyl-CoA.

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
  • CO2 is released.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is unique about 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from reaction 4 of CAC?

A

It is a multienzyme complex similar to PDH having E1, E2 and E3 enzymes and cofactors. The difference is that their E1 enzymes bind different substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 4 of the CAC

A

exergonic → ∆G’º = -33 kJ/mol

  • helps pull the reaction forward
  • the energy is conserved in the thioester bond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Reaction 5 of the CAC

A

Succinyl-CoA synthetase uses GDP as a substrate and couples the cleavage of the high-energy thioester linkage in succinyl- CoA to the phosphorylation of GDP to yield GTP. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 5 of the CAC

A

exergonic → ∆G’º = -2.1 kJ /mol .

  • The reaction proceeds through a phosphorylated enzyme intermediate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reaction 6 of the CAC

A

Succinate dehydrogenase, also known as succinate-ubiquinone, oxidoreductase (complex II in ETC – electron transfer chain) catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate using a covalently-attached FAD cofactor and 3 iron-sulfur clusters to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol.

  • FAD is reduced to FADH2.
17
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 6 of the CAC

A

endergonic → ∆G’º = +6 kJ/mol.

  • Reaction is endergonic on its own, but can be pulled forward through coupling.
18
Q

What is the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase a part of?

A

integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane

19
Q

Reaction 7 of the CAC

A

The reversible hydration of fumarate to L- malate is catalyzed by the enzyme fumarase.

20
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 7 of the CAC

A

exergonic → • ∆G’º = -3.4 kJ/mol.

21
Q

Reaction 8 of the CAC

A

malate dehydrogenase oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate.

  • NAD+ is reduced to NADH
22
Q

Thermodynamics of reaction 8 of the CAC

A

endergonic → ∆G’º = +29.7 kJ/mol.

  • Under standard conditions, the reaction is highly endergonic, but in vivo the reaction is pulled as [oxaloacetate] is kept very low by the citrate synthase reaction
23
Q

What is the formation of oxaloacetate in the CAC similar to in glycolysis?

A

Similar to formation of 1,3BPG because both reaction are unfavourable to make but they are pulled forward by having there concentrations low due to following reactions that are highly favourable.

24
Q

Products of the CAC per pyruvate and glucose molecule

A

Yield per pyruvate molecule →

  • 2 CO2 → reactions 3 & 4
  • 3 NADH → reactions 3, 4, & 8
  • 1 FADH2 → reaction 6
  • 1 GTP (= 1ATP). → reaction 5

Yield per glucose molecule →

  • 4 CO2 → reactions 3 & 4
  • 6 NADH → reactions 3, 4, & 8
  • 2 FADH2 → reaction 6
  • 2 GTP (= 1ATP). → reaction 5
25
Q

Where does the CO2 in the CAC originate from?

A

The oxaloacetate, NOT the acetylCo-A.

  • The way in which oxaloacetate and acetylCoA condense together, the CO2 comes off of the oxaloacete so after 2 cycles the CO2 will come from the acetylCoA as its carbons move down the oxaloacetate molecule
26
Q

How much ATP is synthesized from NADH and FADH2 once they traverse the ECT?

A
  • ~2.5 ATP/ NADH
  • ~1.5 ATP/ FADH2
27
Q

Energetics of 1 molecule of glucose through oxidation?

A

One molecule of glucose powers two turns of the CAC and yields ~32 ATP.

28
Q

What kind of pathway is the citric acid cycle?

A

Amphibolic → this cycle is connected to both oxidative (catabolic) and reductive (anabolic/biosynthetic) processes.

29
Q

How is the CAC catabolic?

A

CAC oxidizes acetyl-CoA (oxaloacetate) to CO2

30
Q

How is the CAC anabolic?

A

CAC provides precursors for:

  • Gluconeogenesis: pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate (by pyruvate carboxylase) to PEP (by PEPCK) to glucose).
  • Glyceroneogenesis: as above oxaloacetate goes to PEP which enters a ‘short’ gluconeogenesis pathway to DHAP and to glycerol-3-phosphate – used for synthesis of triglycerides and glycerophospholipids.
  • Lipid biosynthesis: any excess of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA is converted to citrate (citrate shuttle) that leaves the cycle to be reconverted to acetyl-CoA (in the cytosol), which is the basis for the synthesis of fatty acids and sterols.
31
Q

What sustains the CAC to keep going?

A

Balance between cataplerosis and anaplerosis

  • Anaplerotic reactions replenish TCA cycle intermediates to ensure its continued function.
  • Cataplerotic reactions dispose of TCA cycle intermediates that are in excess
  • If intermediates are added to the TCA cycle, their removal avoids their excessive accumulation.
32
Q

What vitamins play a role in the CAC?

A

Vitamins such as riboflavin, niacin, and thiamine work as coenzymes in this cycle, while pantothenic acid forms the CoA part of acetyl-CoA.

33
Q

Can animals make glucose from fat?

A

No because although fat can be biosynthesized to Acetyl-CoA, you cannot make oxaloacetate directly from Acetyl-CoA and fat cannot be biosynthesized to oxaloacetate.

  • plants and microorganisms can however via the glyoxylate cycle
34
Q

What 3 factors regulate the CAC?

A
  • substrate availability → OAA and acetyl-CoA.
  • product inhibition → IDH and 𝛼- KDH are strongly inhibited by NADH; citrate synthase is inhibited by citrate.
  • feedback inhibition → succinyl- CoA inhibits citrate synthase.
35
Q

What three CAC enzymes carry out highly favourable reactions?

A

Three CAC enzymes operate far from equilibrium (irreversible reactions):

  • citrate synthase (CS)
  • isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)
  • 𝛼-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (𝛼-KDH).