Lecture 5 Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards
How many reactions does the citric acid cycle have?
8 reactions with 8 enzymes mediating the cycle
Reaction 1 of the CAC
Condensation reaction
the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate to form citrate, catalyzed by citrate synthase.
CoA-SH and heat are released.
What kind of condensation reaction is reaction 1 of the CAC?
- A Claisen condensation reaction → one ester and a carbonyl compound are linked in a carbon-carbon bond
Thermodynamics of CAC reaction 1
∆G’o = -31.5 kJ/mol.
- Though exergonic because of the hydrolysis of the thioester under standard conditions, the citrate synthase reaction operates near equilibrium in vivo (∆G’ ~ 0) because the cells keep [oxaloacetate] very low.
Reaction 2 of the CAC
Citrate is isomerized by dehydration to an intermediate, cis-aconitate, and then rehydration to isocitrate, all catalyzed by aconitase.
What is the enzyme aconitase sensitive to? why?
Oxygen levels → therefore REDOX reactions
- Aconitase has an iron-sulfur (FeS) center, in which 1 electron redox is possible (Fe3+ to Fe2+). => reactive oxygen species (ROS) can impair the flux through the citric acid cycle and, therefore, energy metabolism.
Thermodynamics of reaction 2 of CAC
Endergonic → ∆G’ᴼ = ~5 kJ/mol.
- Though endergonic, the reactions is ‘pulled’ by the following reaction which is exergonic → aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase are indirectly coupled.
Reaction 3 of the CAC
Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to form alpha-ketoglutarate.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
- CO2 is released.
What is unique about the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase?
There are 2 isoforms of the enzyme in the mitochondria; one that uses NAD+ and the other NADP+; the NAD+-dependent enzyme is in the citric acid cycle.
Thermodynamics of reaction 3 of CAC
Exergonic → ∆G’o = -21 kJ/mol.
Reaction 4 of the CAC
𝛼-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation to succinyl-CoA.
- NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
- CO2 is released.
What is unique about 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from reaction 4 of CAC?
It is a multienzyme complex similar to PDH having E1, E2 and E3 enzymes and cofactors. The difference is that their E1 enzymes bind different substrates
Thermodynamics of reaction 4 of the CAC
exergonic → ∆G’º = -33 kJ/mol
- helps pull the reaction forward
- the energy is conserved in the thioester bond
Reaction 5 of the CAC
Succinyl-CoA synthetase uses GDP as a substrate and couples the cleavage of the high-energy thioester linkage in succinyl- CoA to the phosphorylation of GDP to yield GTP. This is a substrate-level phosphorylation reaction.
Thermodynamics of reaction 5 of the CAC
exergonic → ∆G’º = -2.1 kJ /mol .
- The reaction proceeds through a phosphorylated enzyme intermediate.