Lecture 2 Carbohydrate Biochemistry: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Flashcards
Biological role of carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates serve as nutrients are a source and storage form of energy.
- Carbohydrates serve as components of cell membrane, extracellular matrix, and biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids (e.g., phospholipids in membrane of all cells and blood group antigens in the membrane of red blood cells).
chemical name for sugar unit
Saccharide
What are simple sugars
monosaccharides
General formula of monosaccharides
How long are biologically relevant monosaccharides?
usually min 3C and max 6C
Chemical structure of carbohydrates
In general, the structure of carbohydrates is based on a linear polymer:
- polyhydroxy aldehyde = HOCH2–(CHOH)x–CHO = aldose
- polyhydroxy ketone = HOCH2–(CHOH)x–(CO)–(CHOH)y–CH2OH = ketose
tautomers
different compounds with the same atomic composition
- can sometimes be interconnected via isomerase enzymes
Chiral vs achiral
- Chiral → no symmetry plane, cannot be superimposed
- Achiral → internal plane of symmetry, can be superimposed
Isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula
Classes of isomers
Structural (constitutional) isomers
have the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement among the atoms.
Stereoisomers
have identical molecular formulas and arrangements of atoms. They differ from each other only in the spatial orientation of groups in the molecule.
- For organic chemistry, there are several types of stereoisomers including enantiomers and diasterioisomers (diastomer).
What kind of isomer is Glyceraldehyde?
Glyceraldehyde has two isomers called D- and L-Glyceraldehyde. The D/L labeling says that the compound’s stereochemistry is related to that of the dextrorotatory or levorotatory enantiomer of glyceraldehyde—the dextrorotatory isomer of glyceraldehyde is named the D-isomer.
Types of optical rotation
Dextrorotation is the rotation of plane-polarized light to the right side, whereas levorotation is the rotation of plane-polarized light to the left side.
What must be in place for 2 structures to be identical?
- The same molecular formula
- Carbon connectivity
- Be superimposable
- Whether or not two structures are mirror images of each other will depend on the spatial distribution of specific substituents (constituents)