Lecture 2 Carbohydrate Biochemistry: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Flashcards

1
Q

Biological role of carbohydrates

A
  • Carbohydrates serve as nutrients are a source and storage form of energy.
  • Carbohydrates serve as components of cell membrane, extracellular matrix, and biomolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids (e.g., phospholipids in membrane of all cells and blood group antigens in the membrane of red blood cells).
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2
Q

chemical name for sugar unit

A

Saccharide

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3
Q

What are simple sugars

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

General formula of monosaccharides

A
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5
Q

How long are biologically relevant monosaccharides?

A

usually min 3C and max 6C

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6
Q

Chemical structure of carbohydrates

A

In general, the structure of carbohydrates is based on a linear polymer:

  • polyhydroxy aldehyde = HOCH2–(CHOH)x–CHO = aldose
  • polyhydroxy ketone = HOCH2–(CHOH)x–(CO)–(CHOH)y–CH2OH = ketose
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7
Q

tautomers

A

different compounds with the same atomic composition

  • can sometimes be interconnected via isomerase enzymes
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8
Q

Chiral vs achiral

A
  • Chiral → no symmetry plane, cannot be superimposed
  • Achiral → internal plane of symmetry, can be superimposed
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9
Q

Isomers

A

molecules that have the same chemical formula

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10
Q

Classes of isomers

A
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11
Q

Structural (constitutional) isomers

A

have the same molecular formula but a different bonding arrangement among the atoms.

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12
Q

Stereoisomers

A

have identical molecular formulas and arrangements of atoms. They differ from each other only in the spatial orientation of groups in the molecule.

  • For organic chemistry, there are several types of stereoisomers including enantiomers and diasterioisomers (diastomer).
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13
Q

What kind of isomer is Glyceraldehyde?

A

Glyceraldehyde has two isomers called D- and L-Glyceraldehyde. The D/L labeling says that the compound’s stereochemistry is related to that of the dextrorotatory or levorotatory enantiomer of glyceraldehyde—the dextrorotatory isomer of glyceraldehyde is named the D-isomer.

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14
Q

Types of optical rotation

A

Dextrorotation is the rotation of plane-polarized light to the right side, whereas levorotation is the rotation of plane-polarized light to the left side.

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15
Q

What must be in place for 2 structures to be identical?

A
  • The same molecular formula
  • Carbon connectivity
  • Be superimposable
  • Whether or not two structures are mirror images of each other will depend on the spatial distribution of specific substituents (constituents)
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16
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Structures with the same molecular formula and carbon connectivity but differing in the spatial orientations of their atoms.

  • look for point in structure (carbon atom) with 3 or 4 different substituents.
17
Q

Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other

18
Q

Diastereoisomers

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each and so they are not enantiomers.

19
Q

Stereocenter vs chiral center

A
  • Stereocenter is a point in a molecule which can give rise to stereoisomers.
    • Atom in a molecule (e.g., a carbon atom) such that interchanging any two of its substituents leads to a stereoisomer
  • Chiral center is a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups of atoms are bonded.
    • Stereocenter in an enantiomer = atom (usually a carbon atom) with substituents that are not superimposable on their mirror image
20
Q

What do reactions of carbonyl groups in ketones and aldehydes and alcohol form?

A

hemiacetal or hemiketal

  • Nucleophilic addition.
  • An alcohol is added to aldehyde or a ketone
21
Q

formation of hemiacetal

A

alcohol with aldehyde carbonyl

22
Q

formation of hemiketal

A

Reaction of alcohol with ketone carbonyl

23
Q

Cyclization of glucose

A
  • This type of reaction converts aldoses (e.g., glucose) from the open chain form to a cyclic hemiacetal which predominates in solution
  • Occurs spontaneous without enzyme.
  • In the cyclic form, the carbonyl group forms a covalent bond with the oxygen of a hydroxyl group along the sugar chain.
    • C1 with C5
24
Q

What is the general ring structure of glucose?

A

5C ring

25
Q

pyranose vs. furanose

A
  • Pyranose → Sugar with a pyran-like ring structure (5 carbons + 1 oxygen form a 6- membered ring).
    • Ether linked at C1-C5
  • Furanose → Sugar with a furan-like ring structure (4 carbons + 1 oxygen form a 5- membered ring).
    • Ether linked at C2-C5
26
Q

𝝰- vs. β- anomers

A

𝝰- OH on C1 points down (glucose)

β- OH on C1 points up (glucose)

27
Q

mutarotation

A

Cyclization is reversible

28
Q

Anomeric carbon

A

Anomeric carbon is the carbon derived from the carbonyl carbon compound (the ketone or aldehyde functional group) of the open-chain form of the carbohydrate molecule.

  • Carbon 1 (in aldoses) and carbon 2 (in ketoses) are ‘anomeric’ carbons.
  • In D-glucose the 𝝰-anomer has the OH pointing down, while the ß-anomer has the OH pointing up
29
Q

Glucose as reducing agent

A
  • The aldose carbonyl (carbon 1) can be oxidized to a carboxyl group by mild oxidizing agents such as Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions. Sugars capable of reducing Fe3+ or Cu2+ ions are “reducing sugars”.
  • Carbon 1 can only be oxidized in the linear form.
    • Has to have free aldehyde