Lecture 5: Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Question 1

What are the basic characteristics of living cells? (eukaryotes and prokaryotes)

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, Chromosomes, cytosol and ribosomes

Question 2

What is a eukaryote?

Answer 2

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles.

Question 3

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 3

A unicellular cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus & lacking membrane enclosed organelles

Question 4

Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus instead their DNA is:

Answer 4

unbound in a region called the nucleoid

Question 5

Prokaryotes are surrounded by a sticky layer called a:

Answer 5

capsule

Question 6

Capsules are made up of:

Answer 6

Carbohydrates e.g Glycocalyx which are slime/slippery

Question 7

Capsules surround bacteria and prevent them from:

Answer 7

1) Prevents dehydration/ desiccation. 2) Increase phagocytosis resistance

Question 8

Differences btw animal & plant cells; Animal cells have:

Answer 8

Lysosomes, Centrosomes & Centrioles, Flagella

Question 9

Differences btw animal & plant cells; Plant cells have:

Answer 9

Chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall and plasmodesmata

Question 10

Cell wall function:

Plant cell

Answer 10

Helps maintain cell shape & strength

Question 11

Central vacuole function:

Plant cell

Answer 11

Storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth and protecton

Question 12

Centrosome function:

Answer 12

Region where cell’s microtubules are initiated

Question 13

Chloroplast function:

Plant cell

Answer 13

Converts energy from sunlight into stored chemical energy

Question 14

Nucleus function

Answer 14

Storage and protection of genetic material

Question 15

Flagella function:

Answer 15

Motility (movement)

Question 16

Lysosome function:

Answer 16

Breakdowns macromolecules & damaged organelles for recycling.

Question 17

Plasmodesmata function:

Plant cell

Answer 17

Channels through cell walls which connect cytoplasm to adjacent cells

Question 18

Golgi apparatus function:

Answer 18

Modifies product of ER, manufactures certain macromolecules, sorts & packages material into transport vesicles

Question 19

Golgi apparatus structure:

Answer 19

Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

Question 20

Mitochondria function:

Answer 20

Sites of cellular respiration “power house of cell”

Question 21

Smooth ER function:

Answer 21

Synthesis of lipids(hormones &steroids), metabolism of carbs, detoxifies poisons/toxins, storage of calcium ions.

Question 22

Rough ER function:

Answer 22

Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoprotiens. Distributes proteins in transport vesicles.

Question 23

Name the structures in prokaryotic cells:

Answer 23

Fimbriae, Cell wall, Capsule, Flagella, Sex pilus & circular chromosome(plasmids)

Question 24

Fimbriae function: (prokaryotic success)

Answer 24

Hair like appendages that help cells adhere to other cells or to a substrate

Question 25

Flagella function: (prokaryotic success)

Answer 25

structure used by most bacteria for propulsion, move toward or away from stimuli. Run - anti clockwise Tumble - clockwise

Question 26

Capsule function: (prokaryotic success)

Answer 26

Sticky layer of polysaccharides or proteins

Question 27

Sex pilus function: (prokaryotic success)

Answer 27

Appendage that facilities conjugation - allows transfer of genetic material

Question 28

In batecteria, there are two different cell wall structures called:

Answer 28

Gram positive & Gram negative bacteria

Question 29

Gram positive cell wall structure:

Answer 29

thick peptidoglycan layer then the plasma membrane

Question 30

Gram negative cell wall structure:

Answer 30

Outer membrane then thin peptidoglycan layer then plasma membrane

Question 31

What colour does Gram positive bacteria stain?

Answer 31

purple

Question 32

What colour does gram negative bacteria stain?

Answer 32

pink/red

Question 33

What is the size difference btw prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?

Answer 33

prokaryotes: 1 - 10um eukaryotes: 10 - 100um