Lecture 5- Plural Policing

Question 1

What are the key readings?

Answer 1

Gill, Gorringe

Question 2

What are the key points from Gill?

Answer 2

Private security is seen as both partners and the competition
There are concerns on the profit driven nature of private policing
Heavy reliance on private policing had led to undermining of the police’s work
Concerns on the ethics amd approach of the private sector

Question 3

What are the key points from Gorringe?

Answer 3

The lack of basic facilities from the police has led to scrutiny
There is no negotiation when crowds are unruly
Anti-systemic groups dislike interaction with the police
People who have legitimate policing are likely to distance themselves from troublemakers

Question 4

What occurred in July 2019?

Answer 4

Boris Johnson commits to reverse loss of 20000 officers during the 10 yeats of austerity

Question 5

Was there an increase or decrease of police officers between March 2019 and 2023? (Home office)

Answer 5

Increase

Question 6

What does the Casey Report say?

Answer 6

Sergeants and Inspectors are expected to manage very large numbers of constables
and junior staff as a core feature of their work, without the time and the tools to do so
Vetting processes are not vigilant

Question 7

When was the highest number of police office leavers between 2009-2023? (Home Office)

Answer 7

In 2023 at 9192

Question 8

What are the statistics for the proportion of female officers in E&W? (Home Office)

Answer 8

25/7% in 2010 and 34.7% in 2023
30% of chief officer roles are held by women and 5/10 of senior roles in the Met are held by women

Question 9

What else did the Home Office find with diversity that is negative?

Answer 9

The highest proportion of female officers are in the lowest rank (in 2023)

Question 10

What are the aims of the policing and crime act 2009?

Answer 10

Increase accountability of local forces to communities by reflecting their priorities
Increasing police effectiveness
empowering local communities

Question 11

What are the actions from policing and crime act 2009?

Answer 11

Police reform, lap dancing clubs, alcohol retailers, sex offenders, gang activity

Question 12

What are the aims of the policing and crime act 2017?

Answer 12

Improving police efficiency and effectiveness via closer collaboration
Enhancing accountability of the police and fire and rescue services
Strengthening protections for those in contact with the police
Safeguarding children and young from sexual exploitation

Question 13

What are the policing measures of the police, crime, sentencing and courts bill 2022)

Answer 13

Enshrines the police covenant in law
Increasing penalties for assaults on emergency workers
New powers on digital information on extraction
Strengthen police powers to tackle unauthorised encampments

Question 14

What is private security?

Answer 14

Security that protects information, persons and property

Question 15

What is the defining characteristic of private security?

Answer 15

Existing to serve their employers rather than for public interest, loss prevention and profit maximisation

Question 16

What is the characteristic of public police?

Answer 16

Crime prevention

Question 17

What is the key activity of private security?

Answer 17

Surveillance through patrol: checking locks, doors, fences, controlling access, conducting searches

Question 18

Who looked at the relationship between private security aims?

Answer 18

Shearing and Stenning

Question 19

What did Shearing and Stenning say about the private security aims?

Answer 19

Aims to avoid police hostility by emphasising prevention over investigation

Question 20

What are the key aspects of the private and public security relationships?

Answer 20

Interchange of personnel
Use of each other’s services
Blurring of public & private

Question 21

How many police officers are there in the UK 2015?

Answer 21

151000

Question 22

How many private guards are there in the UK 2015?

Answer 22

232000

Question 23

What do private security officers focus on?

Answer 23

Street patrols, armed transport, private surveillance providers

Question 24

What did the Office for National Statistics (2023) find with crime and safety?

Answer 24

Crime appears to be falling but we appear to feel less safe in particular women

Question 25

What did Shearing and Stenning find with the structural thesis?

Answer 25

Growth of private security associated with shifting property relationships
Modern urban environment tend to be privately policed but public areas tend to be policed by a public authority

Question 26

Who looked at guard labour?

Answer 26

Bowles and Jayadev

Question 27

What did Bowles and Jayadev find?

Answer 27

Inequality breeds conflict: the more unequal the society, the more “guard labour” it requires: those at top spend a lot of time & money keeping those at bottom in line

Question 28

What is market economy?

Answer 28

A system in which laws of supply & demand direct production of goods services including labour

Question 29

Who looked at market economy?

Answer 29

Johnson and Shearing

Question 30

What did Johnson and Shearing find?

Answer 30

A market in security enables people to buy amount of security they perceive is needed: “optimal security”
Available security market and the need and ability to pay causes optimal security

Question 31

What causes deficient security?

Answer 31

The need and inability to pay and an available security market

Question 32

What did Bayley, 1994, say about private security?

Answer 32

And if the rich opt out because they are paying twice, the result may be “a poor police policing the poor”

Question 33

What did Bayley and Shearing, 1996, say about private security?

Answer 33

There is the favouring of institutions
Commercial policing not balanced either by voluntary neighbourhood crime prevention and by public policing
There is an unequal distribution of security across classes
Increased reliance of private policing causes injustice

Question 34

What did Ken Marsh describe private policing as?

Answer 34

The rise of private detectives as a ‘staggering indictment’ of the state of policing.

Question 35

Who looked at the 3 views of private policing?

Answer 35

Gill

Question 36

What are the 3 views of private policing?

Answer 36

Scepticism, pragmatics and embracers

Question 37

What do the scepticisms think of private policing?

Answer 37

Police should take responsibility for policing

Question 38

What do the embracers think private security?

Answer 38

Welcome the role of private security

Question 39

What do the pragmatists think of private security?

Answer 39

Private security is a necessity

Question 40

What does Loftus say about private security?

Answer 40

They are sceptical about the contributions from outsiders