Lecture 5: Pediatrics Immunization

Question 1

What is the difference between vaccination and immunizatin?

Answer 1

• Vaccination: Stimulation of immune system to produce immunity to specific disease
• Immunization: Resistance to infectious diease
  
  • Received vaccine
  • Already had infectious disease

Question 2

What are the two reasons you should vaccinate?

Answer 2

1. Individual Immunity: long-term protection
2. Herd Immunity: Provides community with protection.

Question 3

Is the threshold of herd immunity different for different diseases?

Answer 3

Yes! For example measles needs 85-90% of the population need to be vaccinated.

Question 4

What is the most vulnerable age group to infectious diseases?

Answer 4

Ages 0-2

Question 5

What are reputable websites?

Answer 5

Anything that ends in .org

• CDC
• American something

Question 6

What is the difference between active and passive immunization?

Answer 6

• Active: Induction of immune system to form antibodies and cell-mediated immunity
  
  • Lasts longer
• Passive: Transfer or pre-formed immunologic products for immunity
  
  • People who can’t make antibodies
  • Need immediate treatment

Question 7

What are the different types of vaccines are there?

Answer 7

• Conjugated
• Live attenuated
• Inactivated/killed
• Inactivated/toxoid

Question 8

What are conjugated vaccines?

Answer 8

• Pathogens are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule
• Immunogenic: will trigger immune response (T-cell dependent)
  
  • Immune response strengthened when pathogen is conjugated with carrier protein

Question 9

What are examples of conjugated vaccines?

Answer 9

• Meningococcal
• Pneumococcal
• Haemophilus
• Influenzae B
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza (injection)
• HPV
• Pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 10

What are live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 10

• Administration of weakened microbe
  
  • Stronger mucosal immunity develops
  • Not for those who are immunocompromised

Question 11

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 11

• MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
• Varicella
• Rotavirus
• Influenza (nasal spray)
• Zoster (shingles) for adult

Question 12

What are inactivated/killed vaccines?

Answer 12

Organism is killed but immunogencity is preserved

Question 13

What are examples of inactivated/killed vaccines?

Answer 13

• Hepatitis A
• Polio
• Rabies

Question 14

What are Inactivated/toxoid vaccines?

Answer 14

• Vaccine that is against toxin produced by bacteria
  
  • Inactivates toxin

Question 15

What are examples of inactivated/toxoid vaccines?

Answer 15

• Tetanus
• Diphtheria

Question 16

How often do you need the influenza vaccine?

Answer 16

• Over 9 years: every year
• 6 months - age 9: 2 doses separated by 28 days

Question 17

What is found in the influenza vaccine?

Answer 17

It is a quadrivalent: Two As and two Bs

Question 18

Who should not get the influenza vaccine?

Answer 18

The young, the old, the ill

Question 19

How many meningococcal vaccines are there?

Answer 19

Two: protectection against strains A/C/Y and W-135

Question 20

What age group is mostly affected by meningococcal strains A/C/Y and W-135?

Answer 20

Children over age 11

Question 21

When should you get meningococcal vaccines?

Answer 21

• First dose: Age 11-12
• Second Dose: Age 16-18

Question 22

What population group is recommend for a meningococcal vaccine targetting serogroup B?

Answer 22

• Mostly affects young adults ages 11-25
• Meningitis common in college
• Vaccine recommended at age 16

Question 23

What does strep pneumoniae cause?

Answer 23

• Respiratory Tract Disease
  
  • pneumonia
  • otitis media
  • sinusitis
• Bacteremia
• Meningitis: mostly found in kids

Question 24

What does Haemophilus Influenzae Type B cause?

Answer 24

• Bacteremia
• Meningitis
• Cellulitis
• Epiglottitis

Question 25

What is Haemophilus Influenzae Type B antigen conjugated with?

Answer 25

Tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier protein

Question 26

What does Hepatitis B cause?

Answer 26

• Acute and chronic liver disease
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Death

Question 27

What does Diphtheria cause?

Answer 27

• Acute membranous pharyngitis
• Can cause respiratory obstruction

Question 28

What does Pertussis cause?

Answer 28

• Whooping Cough: “100 day cough”
• Pneumonia
• Apnea
• Seizures
• Encephalopathy
• High mortality for infants

Question 29

What does tetanus cause?

Answer 29

• Severe muscle spams provoked by neurotoxins
• Can progress to respiratory failure

Question 30

How often should you get Td booster?

Answer 30

Every 10 years

Question 31

What can HPV cause?

Answer 31

• Genital warts and cancers
• Anal, head and neck cancers
• lyryngeal papillomatosis (rare)

Question 32

What are the common vaccines given for HPV?

Answer 32

• Type 16 and 18 are most common
  
  • Protection for cervical cancers

Question 33

When should you get the HPV vaccine?

Answer 33

Ages 11-12

Question 34

What does Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Varicella cause?

Answer 34

• Varicella infection (chickenpox)
• Varicella meningoencephalitis
• Secondary complications of cellulitis and pneumonia

Question 35

When should you give MMR and varicella vaccines?

Answer 35

2 doses: 12 mo, 4-6 years

Question 36

What does rotavirus vaccine prevent?

Answer 36

Prevents acute diarrheal disease in healthy infants

Question 37

What is an endemic?

Answer 37

Disease occuring at predictable and consisten rate in the population

Question 38

How effective are vaccines?

Answer 38

SUPER EFFECTIVE! VACCINATE YOUR KIDS! THEY WILL NOT GET AUTISM!