Lecture 5: Pediatrics Immunization Flashcards
What is the difference between vaccination and immunizatin?
- Vaccination: Stimulation of immune system to produce immunity to specific disease
- Immunization: Resistance to infectious diease
- Received vaccine
- Already had infectious disease
What are the two reasons you should vaccinate?
- Individual Immunity: long-term protection
- Herd Immunity: Provides community with protection.
Is the threshold of herd immunity different for different diseases?
Yes! For example measles needs 85-90% of the population need to be vaccinated.
What is the most vulnerable age group to infectious diseases?
Ages 0-2
What are reputable websites?
Anything that ends in .org
- CDC
- American something
What is the difference between active and passive immunization?
-
Active: Induction of immune system to form antibodies and cell-mediated immunity
- Lasts longer
-
Passive: Transfer or pre-formed immunologic products for immunity
- People who can’t make antibodies
- Need immediate treatment
What are the different types of vaccines are there?
- Conjugated
- Live attenuated
- Inactivated/killed
- Inactivated/toxoid
What are conjugated vaccines?
- Pathogens are surrounded by a polysaccharide capsule
- Immunogenic: will trigger immune response (T-cell dependent)
- Immune response strengthened when pathogen is conjugated with carrier protein
What are examples of conjugated vaccines?
- Meningococcal
- Pneumococcal
- Haemophilus
- Influenzae B
- Hepatitis B
- Influenza (injection)
- HPV
- Pertussis (whooping cough)
What are live attenuated vaccines?
- Administration of weakened microbe
- Stronger mucosal immunity develops
- Not for those who are immunocompromised
What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
- Varicella
- Rotavirus
- Influenza (nasal spray)
- Zoster (shingles) for adult
What are inactivated/killed vaccines?
Organism is killed but immunogencity is preserved
What are examples of inactivated/killed vaccines?
- Hepatitis A
- Polio
- Rabies
What are Inactivated/toxoid vaccines?
- Vaccine that is against toxin produced by bacteria
- Inactivates toxin
What are examples of inactivated/toxoid vaccines?
- Tetanus
- Diphtheria
How often do you need the influenza vaccine?
- Over 9 years: every year
- 6 months - age 9: 2 doses separated by 28 days
What is found in the influenza vaccine?
It is a quadrivalent: Two As and two Bs
Who should not get the influenza vaccine?
The young, the old, the ill
How many meningococcal vaccines are there?
Two: protectection against strains A/C/Y and W-135
What age group is mostly affected by meningococcal strains A/C/Y and W-135?
Children over age 11
When should you get meningococcal vaccines?
- First dose: Age 11-12
- Second Dose: Age 16-18
What population group is recommend for a meningococcal vaccine targetting serogroup B?
- Mostly affects young adults ages 11-25
- Meningitis common in college
- Vaccine recommended at age 16
What does strep pneumoniae cause?
- Respiratory Tract Disease
- pneumonia
- otitis media
- sinusitis
- Bacteremia
- Meningitis: mostly found in kids
What does Haemophilus Influenzae Type B cause?
- Bacteremia
- Meningitis
- Cellulitis
- Epiglottitis
What is Haemophilus Influenzae Type B antigen conjugated with?
Tetanus or Neisseria meningitidis-derived carrier protein
What does Hepatitis B cause?
- Acute and chronic liver disease
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Death
What does Diphtheria cause?
- Acute membranous pharyngitis
- Can cause respiratory obstruction
What does Pertussis cause?
- Whooping Cough: “100 day cough”
- Pneumonia
- Apnea
- Seizures
- Encephalopathy
- High mortality for infants
What does tetanus cause?
- Severe muscle spams provoked by neurotoxins
- Can progress to respiratory failure
How often should you get Td booster?
Every 10 years
What can HPV cause?
- Genital warts and cancers
- Anal, head and neck cancers
- lyryngeal papillomatosis (rare)
What are the common vaccines given for HPV?
- Type 16 and 18 are most common
- Protection for cervical cancers
When should you get the HPV vaccine?
Ages 11-12
What does Measles-Mumps-Rubella and Varicella cause?
- Varicella infection (chickenpox)
- Varicella meningoencephalitis
- Secondary complications of cellulitis and pneumonia
When should you give MMR and varicella vaccines?
2 doses: 12 mo, 4-6 years
What does rotavirus vaccine prevent?
Prevents acute diarrheal disease in healthy infants
What is an endemic?
Disease occuring at predictable and consisten rate in the population
How effective are vaccines?
SUPER EFFECTIVE! VACCINATE YOUR KIDS! THEY WILL NOT GET AUTISM!
