Lecture 5 Part 2 Flashcards
Describe resistance management (3)
- Prediction (risk assessment)
- Detection (monitoring diagnostics)
- Reduce/avoid selection (management tactics)
A note for good protection practices
Reduce the selection pressure exerted by at risk fungicides
Use of mixtures and alternations (4)
- Make full use of effective fungicides with different modes of action in mixtures and alternate sprays where possible.
- Make full use of multi-sites.
- Ensure that mixing partners are used at doses that give comparable efficacy
and persistence. - Limit the number and avoid repeated applications of the same product or
mode of action.
Use of good fungicide application practices (3)
- Calibrate the sprayer to ensure good coverage of all the crop canopy.
- Use a dose that will give effective disease control and which is appropriate
for the crop and disease pressure. - Statutory limits must be followed so never exceed the maximum recommended number of applications or dose. Guidance on labels should also be followed.
Pesticide hazard is based on
Toxicity
is the inherent ability of a pesticide to cause injury or death, indicating how poisonous the chemical is.
Toxicity
is the ability of a substance to cause harm as
the result of long term exposure to low dose of chemical; measured in month to years.
Chronic toxicity
is the ability of a substance to cause harm as a result of short term exposure to a single, high dose of chemical; usually measured in minutes to days.
Acute toxicity
Hazard & dose/response
Response to different agents may vary with increasing dose.
Two types of exposure
- Occupational exposure
- Non-occupational exposure
3 key aspects of exposure
- Frequency
- Duration
- Pathway
What are pesticide formulations?
A pesticide formulation is a mixture of chemicals which effectively controls a pest.
Formulating a pesticide involves processing it to improve its storage, handling, safety, application, or effectiveness.
5 forms of pesticides
- Liquid
- Granule
- Microcapsule
- Powder
- Pellet
The MRL database
A database used to find out which MRL is applicable for which crop and which pesticide, a database can be consulted on the website of the European Commission.
What is MRL
Maximum reside levels
Is food safe to eat even though there are tons of residues??
97% of samples in 2015 were free of residues or contained residues that were within the legal limits
What are the two types of environmental pollution
- Point source (comes from a specific point)
- Non-point-source (comes from a wide area)
Pesticide pollution can occur during:
- transport and storage
- preparation
- distribution
- disposal of excess
- cleaning & waste management
three main factors that contribute to all pollution of fungicides?
- inexpert operators
- improper facilities
- accidental spillage of products
Lost in the air during sprays %
10-15%
Lost in the air after spray %
4-6%
Lost in the soil %
30-60%
What percentage actually makes it onto the target crop?
19-56%
Destruction of beneficials
In both natural and agricultural ecosystems, many species, especially predators and parasites (known as beneficials), control or help control plant feeding arthropod populations. Beneficial natural enemies are adversely affected by pesticides.
Can insecticides affect bees?
YES, Because most insecticides used in agriculture are toxic to bees, pesticides have a major impact on both honeybee and wild bee populations.
What is principle 6 of IPM
Reduction of use to necessary levels
3 considerations for principle 6
- reduced doses,
- reduced application frequency -> monitoring
- partial applications
Amount of losses depends on the
pesticide distribution quality
6 factors for distribution quality
- Equipment
- Method
- Weather
- Target
- PPP
- Operator
