Lecture 5 Part 2

Question 1

Describe resistance management (3)

Answer 1

1. Prediction (risk assessment)
2. Detection (monitoring diagnostics)
3. Reduce/avoid selection (management tactics)

Question 2

A note for good protection practices

Answer 2

Reduce the selection pressure exerted by at risk fungicides

Question 3

Use of mixtures and alternations (4)

Answer 3

1. Make full use of effective fungicides with different modes of action in mixtures and alternate sprays where possible.
2. Make full use of multi-sites.
3. Ensure that mixing partners are used at doses that give comparable efficacy
   and persistence.
4. Limit the number and avoid repeated applications of the same product or
   mode of action.

Question 4

Use of good fungicide application practices (3)

Answer 4

1. Calibrate the sprayer to ensure good coverage of all the crop canopy.
2. Use a dose that will give effective disease control and which is appropriate
   for the crop and disease pressure.
3. Statutory limits must be followed so never exceed the maximum recommended number of applications or dose. Guidance on labels should also be followed.

Question 5

Pesticide hazard is based on

Answer 5

Toxicity

Question 6

is the inherent ability of a pesticide to cause injury or death, indicating how poisonous the chemical is.

Answer 6

Toxicity

Question 7

is the ability of a substance to cause harm as
the result of long term exposure to low dose of chemical; measured in month to years.

Answer 7

Chronic toxicity

Question 8

is the ability of a substance to cause harm as a result of short term exposure to a single, high dose of chemical; usually measured in minutes to days.

Answer 8

Acute toxicity

Question 9

Hazard & dose/response

Answer 9

Response to different agents may vary with increasing dose.

Question 10

Two types of exposure

Answer 10

1. Occupational exposure
2. Non-occupational exposure

Question 11

3 key aspects of exposure

Answer 11

1. Frequency
2. Duration
3. Pathway

Question 12

What are pesticide formulations?

Answer 12

A pesticide formulation is a mixture of chemicals which effectively controls a pest.

Formulating a pesticide involves processing it to improve its storage, handling, safety, application, or effectiveness.

Question 13

5 forms of pesticides

Answer 13

1. Liquid
2. Granule
3. Microcapsule
4. Powder
5. Pellet

Question 14

The MRL database

Answer 14

A database used to find out which MRL is applicable for which crop and which pesticide, a database can be consulted on the website of the European Commission.

Question 15

What is MRL

Answer 15

Maximum reside levels

Question 16

Is food safe to eat even though there are tons of residues??

Answer 16

97% of samples in 2015 were free of residues or contained residues that were within the legal limits

Question 17

What are the two types of environmental pollution

Answer 17

1. Point source (comes from a specific point)
2. Non-point-source (comes from a wide area)

Question 18

Pesticide pollution can occur during:

Answer 18

1. transport and storage
2. preparation
3. distribution
4. disposal of excess
5. cleaning & waste management

Question 19

three main factors that contribute to all pollution of fungicides?

Answer 19

• inexpert operators
• improper facilities
• accidental spillage of products

Question 20

Lost in the air during sprays %

Answer 20

10-15%

Question 21

Lost in the air after spray %

Answer 21

4-6%

Question 22

Lost in the soil %

Answer 22

30-60%

Question 23

What percentage actually makes it onto the target crop?

Answer 23

19-56%

Question 24

Destruction of beneficials

Answer 24

In both natural and agricultural ecosystems, many species, especially predators and parasites (known as beneficials), control or help control plant feeding arthropod populations. Beneficial natural enemies are adversely affected by pesticides.

Question 25

Can insecticides affect bees?

Answer 25

YES, Because most insecticides used in agriculture are toxic to bees, pesticides have a major impact on both honeybee and wild bee populations.

Question 26

What is principle 6 of IPM

Answer 26

Reduction of use to necessary levels

Question 27

3 considerations for principle 6

Answer 27

• reduced doses,
• reduced application frequency -> monitoring
• partial applications

Question 28

Amount of losses depends on the

Answer 28

pesticide distribution quality

Question 29

6 factors for distribution quality

Answer 29

1. Equipment
2. Method
3. Weather
4. Target
5. PPP
6. Operator