Lecture 1

Question 1

4 Main types of diseases

Answer 1

1. Leaf & Bunch diseases
2. Wood diseases
3. Root Rot
4. Viruses and Yellows

Question 2

What are the big three Leaf and bunch diseases to know?

Answer 2

1. Plasmopara Viticola (Downey Mildew)
2. Erysiphe necator (Powdery Mildew)
3. Botrytis cinerea (Gray Mold)

Question 3

What is the main wood disease to study

Answer 3

Esca Disease

Question 4

Why are we so concerned with these diseases?

Answer 4

Crop losses

Question 5

With each disease and crop level we have what?

Answer 5

A tolerance, for how much crop is lost due to the disease level

Question 6

When we look at overall losses, what is the rough breakdown of percentages for what we loose from pests, undamaged, and what is saved from pest control

Answer 6

42% is lost from pests, and 30% is undamaged, 27% is saved from pest control,

Question 7

What are the two types of economic losses that we have?

Answer 7

Direct economic loss and indirect economic loss

Question 8

Of the different types of pesticides what is used the most throughout the world?

Answer 8

Fungicides and bacteriocides at around 46%

Question 9

Give me two overall pesticide use statistics…

Answer 9

1. There are about 12.2 sprays per ha
2. 26.5 kg are used per ha

Question 10

3 main pillars of sustainable agriculture

Answer 10

1. Environmental Protection
2. Economic profitability
3. Social and economic equity

Question 11

What are the three main concepts with IPM

Answer 11

1. Prevent
2. Monitor
3. Intervene

Question 12

2 main objectives of Article 1

Answer 12

1. Reduce the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment.
2. Promote the use of integrated pest management and alternative approaches/techniques to pesticides

Question 13

Main take aways from article 14 (3)

Answer 13

1. Low pesticide-input pest management
2. Priority to non-chemical methods
3. Switch to products with low risk to human health and environment

Question 14

Three actions with decision making in which we take into account the increase in time span and scale of plant to vineyard from smallest to largest

Answer 14

1. Operational
2. tactical
3. Strategic

Question 14

Three actions with decision making in which we take into account the increase in time span and scale of plant to vineyard from smallest to largest

Answer 14

1. Operational
2. tactical
3. Strategic

Question 15

These three types of decisions can also be seen on the hierarchical scale of workers, how can this be seen?

Answer 15

1. Operational for employees
2. Tactical for managers
3. Strategic for owners/directors

Question 16

Describe the disease triangle

Answer 16

Left side is the pathogen
Right side is the Environment
Bottom is the host

Question 17

Describe the disease pyramid

Answer 17

Environment, plant/host, and pathogen are still the main points of the triangle with a third point being the disease epidemic.

Question 18

3 Ways to manage the pathogen

Answer 18

1. Exclusion
2. Eradication
3. Protection

Question 19

3 ways to manage crop environment

Answer 19

1. Soil management
2. plant management
3. Water management

Question 20

How can we manage the plant crop?

Answer 20

We can use resistant/tolerant varieties in order to make the plant less susceptible

Question 21

What is IPM

Answer 21

“a pest control system that uses a set of methods that satisfy economic, ecological and toxicological requirements by giving priority to natural control and by respecting tolerance thresholds”