Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is the key of prevention?
We want to make plants and organs less susceptible and make the vineyard less conductive
4 contexts of prevention
- Vineyard planting
- Canopy management
- Vigor regulation
- Soil management
In terms of canopy we can do 4 things…
- Increase wind circulation
- Increase light penetration
- Reduce humidity
- Regulate temperature
2 main factors of Suppression
- exclude the pathogen inocolum from the vineyard
- eradicate the dormant inocolum
How many life cycles with plasmopara?
2 life cycles, we want to manage the oospores (dormant inocolum) preventing the first cycle and then second. First cycle is most important
How many life cycles with Erysiphae necator
There are three life cycles and we want to control the Chasmothecia in order prevent the latter cycles
Principles of Monitoring
Firstly harmful organism need to be monitored. We need to make observations in the field in order to have a sound warning and to forecast early diagnosis systems
What is a tool that we can use for monitoring the crop of a vineyard
A map , and we can use GIS and GPS and geolocalization
When monitoring what do we need to consider?
The disease triangle/pyramid, understanding the pathogen, plant, and environment
How can we monitor the physical environment?
We can use weather stations in the vineyard in order to have a better understanding of temperature, humidity, rain, wind and sunlight
Why do we need to have accurate information on the physical environment?
Because we can understand the cycle of the pathogen based on the levels of rain, RH, wind… Each factor has an effect on the pathogen and its ability to infect the plant from colonization to penetration to sporulation
What two factors do we need to take into account for understanding and monitoring the plant/host itself?
- Plant development in terms of phenology
- Plant growth in terms of the way it grows respective to if it is infected or not
Discuss Plant pathology with regard to disease (4 main factors)
- They can affect only some organs as opposed to others
- Symptoms can be more severe in some phenological stages
- Some diseases do not show symptoms in certain phenological stages
- Some plant organs can show ontogenic resistance (age-related resistance)
What is another important consideration for the plant and its susceptibility?
Its carrying capacity
When using maps to assess a disease or pathogen, how can we chart this across a vineyard?
We can use a map and data that specifies the growths of the plant to show which plants are at different growth stages due to the pathogen
When monitoring the pathogen itself what are we looking into?
The quantification of the pathogen itself, whether on a single plant or the vineyard as a whole. We also want to quantify the symptoms of the disease
What is one tool that can be used to monitor the pathogen?
We can use volumetric spore samplers. The spores can be counted to show its quantifiable amount
What is another tool that we can use to quantify the pathogen?
A Rotorod spore sampler. Rods that have a adhesive on them are rotated around collecting spores
5 essentials for disease monitoring
- A sampling plan
- A calendar for when to observe
- Tools
- A guide to identify and quantify
- Forms for keeping clear records
What is a good way to do sampling?
Similar to how you did yield estimates, make it more random than just doing one vine after another. Its good to snake and do 10 vines in every other row. Having a specific plan is very important
When quantifying a disease what two things do we need to measure and how can we calculate them?
We need to understand incidence (out of 20 vines, 9 were infected and 11 not, so we have an incidence of 45%)
We also need to understand severity. We can calculate this by adding the percentage of disease found on each sampled plant and then dividing by the number of plants sampled
what are the two types of sensing and what are the four ways that we can do this?
- Proximal Sensing
- Remote sensing
- We can use tractors for on-th-go
- Drones
- Planes
- Satellites
Each can be used for different parts or the entire vineyard
What is something that we can use for sensing that is unique to each object and its characteristics?
We can use reflectance
What can reflectance show us?
At different wavelengths we can see the difference between healthy plants, slightly stress, and severely stressed
What are some tools that can be used for this type of monitoring?
Apps and websites
What is IPM
“a pest control system that uses a set of methods that satisfy economic, ecological and toxicological requirements by giving priority to natural control and by respecting tolerance thresholds”
