Lecture 2

Question 1

What is the key of prevention?

Answer 1

We want to make plants and organs less susceptible and make the vineyard less conductive

Question 2

4 contexts of prevention

Answer 2

1. Vineyard planting
2. Canopy management
3. Vigor regulation
4. Soil management

Question 3

In terms of canopy we can do 4 things…

Answer 3

1. Increase wind circulation
2. Increase light penetration
3. Reduce humidity
4. Regulate temperature

Question 4

2 main factors of Suppression

Answer 4

1. exclude the pathogen inocolum from the vineyard
2. eradicate the dormant inocolum

Question 5

How many life cycles with plasmopara?

Answer 5

2 life cycles, we want to manage the oospores (dormant inocolum) preventing the first cycle and then second. First cycle is most important

Question 6

How many life cycles with Erysiphae necator

Answer 6

There are three life cycles and we want to control the Chasmothecia in order prevent the latter cycles

Question 7

Principles of Monitoring

Answer 7

Firstly harmful organism need to be monitored. We need to make observations in the field in order to have a sound warning and to forecast early diagnosis systems

Question 8

What is a tool that we can use for monitoring the crop of a vineyard

Answer 8

A map , and we can use GIS and GPS and geolocalization

Question 9

When monitoring what do we need to consider?

Answer 9

The disease triangle/pyramid, understanding the pathogen, plant, and environment

Question 10

How can we monitor the physical environment?

Answer 10

We can use weather stations in the vineyard in order to have a better understanding of temperature, humidity, rain, wind and sunlight

Question 11

Why do we need to have accurate information on the physical environment?

Answer 11

Because we can understand the cycle of the pathogen based on the levels of rain, RH, wind… Each factor has an effect on the pathogen and its ability to infect the plant from colonization to penetration to sporulation

Question 12

What two factors do we need to take into account for understanding and monitoring the plant/host itself?

Answer 12

1. Plant development in terms of phenology
2. Plant growth in terms of the way it grows respective to if it is infected or not

Question 13

Discuss Plant pathology with regard to disease (4 main factors)

Answer 13

1. They can affect only some organs as opposed to others
2. Symptoms can be more severe in some phenological stages
3. Some diseases do not show symptoms in certain phenological stages
4. Some plant organs can show ontogenic resistance (age-related resistance)

Question 14

What is another important consideration for the plant and its susceptibility?

Answer 14

Its carrying capacity

Question 15

When using maps to assess a disease or pathogen, how can we chart this across a vineyard?

Answer 15

We can use a map and data that specifies the growths of the plant to show which plants are at different growth stages due to the pathogen

Question 16

When monitoring the pathogen itself what are we looking into?

Answer 16

The quantification of the pathogen itself, whether on a single plant or the vineyard as a whole. We also want to quantify the symptoms of the disease

Question 17

What is one tool that can be used to monitor the pathogen?

Answer 17

We can use volumetric spore samplers. The spores can be counted to show its quantifiable amount

Question 18

What is another tool that we can use to quantify the pathogen?

Answer 18

A Rotorod spore sampler. Rods that have a adhesive on them are rotated around collecting spores

Question 19

5 essentials for disease monitoring

Answer 19

1. A sampling plan
2. A calendar for when to observe
3. Tools
4. A guide to identify and quantify
5. Forms for keeping clear records

Question 20

What is a good way to do sampling?

Answer 20

Similar to how you did yield estimates, make it more random than just doing one vine after another. Its good to snake and do 10 vines in every other row. Having a specific plan is very important

Question 21

When quantifying a disease what two things do we need to measure and how can we calculate them?

Answer 21

We need to understand incidence (out of 20 vines, 9 were infected and 11 not, so we have an incidence of 45%)

We also need to understand severity. We can calculate this by adding the percentage of disease found on each sampled plant and then dividing by the number of plants sampled

Question 22

what are the two types of sensing and what are the four ways that we can do this?

Answer 22

1. Proximal Sensing
2. Remote sensing
3. We can use tractors for on-th-go
4. Drones
5. Planes
6. Satellites

Each can be used for different parts or the entire vineyard

Question 23

What is something that we can use for sensing that is unique to each object and its characteristics?

Answer 23

We can use reflectance

Question 24

What can reflectance show us?

Answer 24

At different wavelengths we can see the difference between healthy plants, slightly stress, and severely stressed

Question 25

What are some tools that can be used for this type of monitoring?

Answer 25

Apps and websites

Question 26

What is IPM

Answer 26

“a pest control system that uses a set of methods that satisfy economic, ecological and toxicological requirements by giving priority to natural control and by respecting tolerance thresholds”