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Rehabilitation Engineering I > Lecture 5 - Orthotics and Wearables > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Orthotics and Wearables Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of current solutions for mobility assistance.

A
  • powered wheelchairs
  • manual wheelchairs
  • elevators, suspensions
  • walking aids
  • passive orthoses
  • powered orthoses
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2
Q

List types of walking aids in order of increasing mobility of the user.

A
  1. Parallel bars
  2. Wheeled walker
  3. Crutch walker
  4. Underarm crutches
  5. Below elbow crutches
  6. Cane with wide base
  7. Cane (walking stick)
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3
Q

What are walking crutches usually made of?

A

Wood or metal

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4
Q

Why would you include rubber at the lower end of crutches?

A

To avoid slipping and improve shock absorption

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5
Q

What type of patients are walking crutches aimed at?

A
  • mild disabilities

- elderly

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6
Q

What is a white cane used for?

A

It is a mobile tool for visually impaired persons to detect objects in their pathway

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7
Q

What is a white cane usually made of?

A

Aluminum or plastic

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8
Q

What is the main difference in terms of the mechanical requirements of a walking cane and a white cane?

A

A white cane does not need to support high body loads

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9
Q

What is the Guidecane? What makes it special?

A
  • cane that rolls on passive wheels
  • servo motor steers the wheels to avoid objects on the path
  • 10 ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in 120 degree wide sector ahead
  • mini-joystick allows user to specify a desired direction of motion
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10
Q

What is the Ultracane? What makes it special?

A
  • emits ultrasonic waves with 2 transducers on the handle
  • different ranges of detection from the tip and the handle
  • tactile feedback is given through vibrating buttons on the handle, indicating proximity of the object
  • it is particularly useful for warning of hazards at head height
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11
Q

What are below elbow crutches usually made of?

A

Light metal

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12
Q

What is the benefit of below elbow crutches?

A

Relieve the wrist and increase guidance by the forearm

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13
Q

What type of patients are below elbow crutches aimed at?

A

Mild to moderate disability

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14
Q

What are the main properties of Flamingo crutches?

A
  • stylish design
  • shock absorbing properties
  • holding alternatives to divide the pressure in the hand while holding the handle
  • soft texture on handle
  • adjustable height
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15
Q

What are arthritis crutches made out of?

A

They are made of a metal pipe combined with a cushioned shell to connect the forearm.

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16
Q

At what angle is the elbow held at for arthritis crutches?

A
  • 90 degrees (adjustable between 15-90)
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17
Q

Explain point of action of forces for someone using arthritic crutches and the benefits of this.

A

Force acts via elbow joint on the upper arm. Weight load is transferred to forearm, thus reducing pain, discomfort and blistering on hands.

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18
Q

What are underarm (armpit) crutches usually made out of?

A

Wood or metal

19
Q

Explain point of action of forces for someone using underarm crutches and the benefits of this.

A

Gravity force acts mainly on the armpit/shoulder, thus providing relief for elbow and wrist.

20
Q

Describe a danger of the prolonged use of underarm crutches.

A

Crutch paralysis: paralysis due to constant pressure o the radial nerve or brachial plexus

21
Q

What are 4 pt. crutches or crutch walkers usually made of?

A

Light metal

22
Q

What are the main properties of 4 pt. crutches, aka. crutch walkers?

A
  • high tilt stability

- 4 feet

23
Q

What type of patients are 4 pt. crutches, aka. crutch walkers aimed at?

A

patients with moderate disabilities, e.g. balance problems

24
Q

What are wheeled walkers or hand trolleys usually made of?

A

Light metal

25
Q

Describe the main structure of wheeled walkers or hand trolleys.

A

2 wheels + 2 rubber feet

or 3 or 4 wheels with hand breaks

26
Q

What type of patients are wheeled walkers or hand trolleys aimed at?

A

patients with moderate disabilities

27
Q

What type of patients is the PAMM - Personal Assistant for Mobility and Monitoring aimed at?

A

Elderly with mobility difficulty due to physical fragilitz and/or disorientation

28
Q

What are the main properties of the PAMM - Personal Assistant for Mobility and Monitoring?

A
  • navigation & obstacle-avoidance
  • microphone and speakers for voice communication
  • contact health-sensors (6 axis force sensor at handle as user interface)
  • admittance based controller
  • camera for location detection and ultrasonic obstacle detection
29
Q

What are the main characteristics of EXPOS, Exoskeletal Assistive Device?

A
  • wearable exoskeleton and caster walker
  • 4 active joints at exoskeleton
  • wire transmission from the walker to the exoskeleton joints
  • springs to maintain proper tension (pulley system)
  • the handle bar can be lifted during sitting down and standing up motions
30
Q

List 5 possible passive joint orthoses.

A
  1. Hand orthoses
  2. Back orthoses
  3. Arm orthoses
  4. Knee orthoses
  5. Foot orthoses
31
Q

Name 2 types of knee orthoses and what they are used for.

A
  1. Functional 4 pt. rigid frame orthosis (4 straps = 2 dista + 2 proximal)
  2. Universal orthosis
    - Used for limitation of ROM and joint stabilisation, e.g. after surgery, ACL insufficiency
32
Q

What is the C-Brace?

A

The C-Brace is a powered knee ankle foot orthosis by Ottobock that adjusts damping as a function of the gait cycle.

33
Q

Name 2 types of ankle orthoses and what they are used for.

A
  1. Functional ankle orthosis
  2. Functional 4 pt. rigid frame orthosis
    - Used for ankle joint flexion/extension limitation, e.g. after ligament injuries
34
Q

Give an example of a hand orthosis and what is is used for.

A

Wrist Joint Fixation orthosis - for patients after surgical interventions or patients with wrist lesions.

35
Q

Give 3 examples of elbow orthoses and what they are used for.

A
  1. Elbow orthosis with flexion and extension limitation - for patients with elbow luxation or after surgery
  2. Contracture bracing (static progressive orthoses) - orthoses to improve joint passive ROM via stress relaxation, thus preventing or reducing contracture development
  3. Elbow clasp - compression over the muscles to provide relief at the muscle insertion points
36
Q

What are back orthoses used for?

A
  • for lesions of the shoulder, vertebrae or thorax

- scoliosis treatment

37
Q

What are the main technical challenges of powered joint orthoses (exoskeletons)?

A
  • intention detection
  • battery power (wearable)
  • weight
38
Q

Why are powered joint orthoses (exoskeletons) more successful in therapy and training versus mobility and daily life assistance?

A

Because of the possibility of receiving assistance, support and guidance of a trained therapist familiar with the equipment during therapy.

39
Q

List 4 possible uses for Exoskeletons.

A
  1. Therapy and training
  2. Mobility and assistance
  3. Industrial and care workers (e.g. heavy lifting)
  4. Sports (e.g. skiing)
40
Q

What are the advantages of exosuits over exoskeletons?

A
  • easier to put on/take off
  • can be much thinner and lighter
  • possibility to sit
41
Q

How is the line of action of forces different in rigid exoskeletons vs. in soft exosuits?

A

Rigid exoskeletons - perpendicular forces

Soft exosuits - parallel forces

42
Q

During which 4 phases of gait could support by an exosuit be particularly useful? Why?

A
  • Terminal stance
  • Pre-swing phase
    = ankle plantar flexion + hip flexion = accelerating action
  • Loading response
  • Mid-stance phase
    = knee extension + hip extension = antigravity action
43
Q

The Myosuit has 3 layers to provide continuous support against gravity. What are these and what are their functions?

A
  1. Garment layer
  2. Ligament layer
    - hip flexion
    - knee flexion
  3. Power layer
    - hip extension
    - knee extension
44
Q

In the case of the Myosuit, how does the max. torque on the hip joint compare to that on the knee joint and why?

A

Max. torque on the hip joint is less than that of the knee joint because it is further away from the motor (loss by friction).

Rehabilitation Engineering I (12 decks)

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