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202 Theme 1 > Lecture 5 Neural Tissues > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Neural Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the nervous system

A

communication leading to sensory detection. Via information processing to motor activity to behaviour

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2
Q

what is the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

for information processing, including reflexes and behaviour

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3
Q

what is the PNS

A

Peripheral or parasympathetic

sensory detection and motor activation

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4
Q

why is the nervous system complex

A

many cells
10^11 neurons, 10^14 synapses, 1.5 kilograms in brain
10^8 neurons in enteric NS (More than spinal cord)

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5
Q

what is an afferent neuron

A

transmit sensory info to brain/spinal cord

ARRIVES

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6
Q

What is an efferent neuron

A

motor neurons transmitting info from brain to effector organ eg muscle
EXITS

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7
Q

what is a ganglion

A

group of cells outside the CNS
eg motor ganglion (autonomic)
basal root ganglia is an exception

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8
Q

what is a parasympathetic ganglion like

A

smaller neurons and eccentric nuclei

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9
Q

what is a sympathetic ganglion like

A

eg dorsal root ganglia

big neurons and central nuclei

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10
Q

how is the human prefrontal cortex navigated

A

Dorsal – lateral axis bends
Rostral – caudal axis bends
curves through head, front R, back C, top D, bottom V

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11
Q

what are the Brodmann areas of the neocortex

A

regions of cortex numbered 1-52
Each area has a particular set of inputs and outputs.
Often an area will have a function

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12
Q

what does Brodmann area 4 do?

A

primary motor cortex

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13
Q

what does brodmann area 17 do?

A

primary visual cortex

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14
Q

what is a CNS neuron like

A

nucleus within cell body and extends one or more processes

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15
Q

what are the parts of a CNS neuron

A

dendrites
cell body
axon hillock to axon with axon collaterals, nodes of ranvier, myelin sheath
axon terminals

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16
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

many layers of cell membrane wrapped around an axon

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17
Q

what does myelin do

A

electrically insulates to increase diameter and conduction velocity
breaks - nodes of ranvier

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18
Q

what are the classifications of neurons

A

multipolar - several dendrites, majority
bipolar - one dendrite and axon either side of cell body
unipolar - or pseudo, one axon and dendrite in single branching process as 2 processes move together
all axons have just one neuron

19
Q

what are other important neurons

A 
pyramidal cells (axon either side of cell body with dendrite - neocortex - thinking)
purkinje cell (small and many, lots of interactions - cerebellum)
Dorsal Root Ganglion (psuedounipolar, sensory neuron)
20
Q

what is a synapse

A

a functional link

21
Q

what are post synaptic cells

A

neuron, myocyte or glands

22
Q

what is a chemical synapse like

A

big gap -30nm
common in NS
signalling not in retrograde direction

23
Q

how to pre and postsynaptic cells interact

A

presynaptic cell releases neurotransmitter

post synaptic cell is the receptor, turns it to electric signal

24
Q

what is a divergent neuron

A

a single neuron sending its output signal to many neurons eg skin

25
Q

what is a convergent neuron

A

multiple inputs influence a single neuron eg retina

26
Q

what are interneurons

A

occur only in CNS
can be excitatory or inhibitory
they process signals
connect sensory to motor neurons in DRG

27
Q

what do glia do and not do

A

no action potentials and do not form synapses

can divide and form myelin sheaths

28
Q

how do neurons and glia compare

A

neurons are basic nerve cells, impulse conducting and glia are supportive and protective
1 neuron to every 10-50 glia

29
Q

what are the glial cell types

A 
ependymal cell
astrocyte
pia matter
microglial cell
oligodendrocyte
30
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

produce/maintain myelin sheath in CNS

one myelinates multiple axons from different neurons

31
Q

what do astrocytes look like

A

star shaped

its ‘feet’ on processes about bv endothelium

32
Q

what do astrocytes do in CNS

A

influence blood flow and blood-brain barrier
assist neuronal development/growth (neurotrophic)
protect neurons from harmful substances

33
Q

what do microglia cells do in CNS

A

Immune cells to protect neurons from disease, migrate to injury sides, engulf microbes/debris, mesodermal growth

34
Q

where do microglia come from

A

mesoderm like other immune cells

35
Q

what do ependymal cells do in CNS

A

line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
form CSF
cilia and microvilli on apical membrane

36
Q

what do Schwann cells do in the PNS

A

production and maintenance of myelin sheath in PNS
1 axon per Schwann cell (axons have many Schwann cells)
analogous to oligodendrocytes

37
Q

what do satellite cells in the PNS do

A

support neurons, regulate exchange of materials between neurones and interstitial fluid
analogous role to astrocytes

38
Q

what glia are in the CNS

A

astrocyte
oligodendrocyte
ependymal cell
microglial cell

39
Q

what cells are in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

satelite cells

40
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges

A

3 meningeal layers – Dura matter, Arachnoid, Pia matter (inner most)

41
Q

what is a glioma

A 
glia pathology 
largest group of primary tumours from glial cells
usually highly malignant 
grow rapidly 
difficult to completely remove 
usually inside cranium
42
Q

what is a neuroblastoma

A 
neural pathology 
cancer 
most common in kids and infants 
outside cranium 
from neural crest cells in sympathetic NS 
survival rates vary but initial prognosis typically good
treatment varies on type
many develop neural issues in 30's
43
Q

what is a sign of neuroblastoma

A

increase in catecholamine levels

202 Theme 1 (6 decks)

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