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202 Theme 1 > Lecture 3 Organisation of the central nervous system: Spinal cord to the diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Organisation of the central nervous system: Spinal cord to the diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS formed from

A

ectoderm

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1
Q

What is the CNS formed from

A

ectoderm

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2
Q

how is the CNS formed

A

neuroectoderm cells recieve inductive signals from notochord (mesoderm)
cells thicken to form neural plate
lateral neural margin folds inwards to form neural tube

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3
Q

what are the cells at the edge of the neural plate called

A

neural crest cells

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4
Q

when does the CNS form from the ectoderm

A

embryonic day 20

aka neurulation

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5
Q

what happens to neural crest cells on embryonic day 24

A 
migrate into periphery and differentiate into 
autonomic sonf sensory neurons and glia
cells of adrenal gland 
melanocytes
skeletal/connective tissue of head
neural tube thickens
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6
Q

what is the structure of the neural tube like at day 20

A

neural plate with neuroectoderm in middle
notochord beneath
folds, creates neural groove

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7
Q

what is the structure of the neural tube like at day 24

A

ectoderm over top
neural crest cells
tube with mantle layer on outside
ependymal layer inner layer with lumen

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8
Q

what does the mantle layer become

A

brain parenchyma

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9
Q

what does the ependymal layer become

A

lines ventricles

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10
Q

what does the lumen become

A

ventricles and central canal

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11
Q

how often do neural tube defects occur

A

about 1/1000 established pregnancies

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12
Q

what happens if the anterior neuropore fails to close

A

leads to degeneration of forebrain and skull

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13
Q

what happens if the posterior neural tube fails to close

A

spina bifida (divided by a cleft)

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14
Q

what are the types of spina bifida

A

occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only)

cystica (eg meningocele so meninges projects out in a cyst)

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15
Q

how do the primary brain vesicles form

A

expansion of cranial end of neural tube to form main brain regions known as primary vesicles

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16
Q

what are the main brain regions

A

prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hindbrain
spinal cord

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17
Q

how do the main brain regions begin to develop flexures

A

folds
cephalic flexure between fore and mid brain
cervical flexure between hind brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

how do the secondary brain vesicles form

day 36

A

cranial end continues to expand into secondary vesicles

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19
Q

what does the prosencephalon form

A

telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres)
optic vesicles (eyes)
diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)

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20
Q

what does the mesencephalon form

A

midbrain still

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21
Q

what does the rhombencephalon form

A

mesencephalon (pons/cerebellum)

mylencephalon (medulla)

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22
Q

how do the flexures develop as the secondary vesicles develop

A

pontine flexure between mesencephalon (pons/cerebellum) and mylencephalon (medulla)

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23
Q

what does rostral, ventral, dorsal and caudal mean

A

Dorsal at back and continues superiorly, ventral continues inferiorly
Rostral – front
Caudal – back of brain and bottom of spinal cord

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24
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

grey and white matter

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25
Q

what is grey matter

A

mainly neuronal cell bodies (eg cerebral cortex, brain nuclei)

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26
Q

what is white matter

A

mainly myelinated axons

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27
Q

what does the spinal cord do

A

reflexes and basic processing

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28
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

receives primary afferent fibres from somatic and visceral structures
sends motor axons to skeletal muscles
autonomic function
regulation of bodily functions at unconscious level
conveys ascending and descending tracts

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29
Q

where does the spinal cord extend

A

atlas (C1) to L1

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30
Q

what is found at the end of the spinal cord

A 
cauda equina (lumbar and sacral dorsal and ventral roots) in lumbar cistern
terminal hilum (pia extension) attaches to coccyx
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31
Q

what happens to the spinal cord at L1

A

narrows to form conus medullaris

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32
Q

where is the spinal cord found

A

in vertebral canal

surrounding by dura and epidural fat

33
Q

where does the spinal cord receive its blood supply from

A

anterior (1) and posterior (2) spinal arteries (from vertebral arteries)
segmental spinal arteries (at each level)

34
Q

what is the spinal cord divided into

A 
cervical region (1-8)
thoracic region (1-12)
lumbar region (1-5)
Sacral region (1-5)
lumbar cistern (contains cauda equina)
35
Q

what happens to the spinal cord in the cervical spine

A

enlarges to innervate the upper limbs

36
Q

what happens to the spinal cord in the lumbar region

A

lumbosacral enlargement to innervate lower limb
followed by conus medullaris
terminal hilum (int pia, ext dura)

36
Q

what happens to the spinal cord in the lumbar region

A

lumbosacral enlargement to innervate lower limb
followed by conus medullaris
terminal hilum (int pia, ext dura)

37
Q

what do spinal nerves do

A

connect periphery to spinal cord
form peripheral nervous system
31 pairs

38
Q

what makes up spinal nerves

A

each formed by a dorsal (afferent) and ventral (efferent) roots

39
Q

what is the structure of spinal nerves

A

inner core - grey matter

outer core - white matter

40
Q

what happens to grey matter at levels that supply limbs

A

expanded

41
Q

what is contained in the grey matter of spinal nerves

A

neuronal cell bodies
H shaped
ventral, lateral and dorsal horns

42
Q

what is contained in the white matter of spinal nerves

A

myelinated axons
white columns (dorsal, ventral, lateral)/tracts/funiculi
division at top - posterior median sulcus
division at bottom - anterior median fissure

43
Q

what is the brainstem

A

most primitive part of the brain

continuous with spinal cord

44
Q

what is the function of the brainstem

A

contains cranial nerve nuclei
autonomic role
vital respiratory and cardiovascular centres
vomiting centre
nuclei involved with motor control, sleep
white matter tracts

45
Q

what happens if the brainstem is damaged

A

often devastating and life threatening

46
Q

what are the components of the brainstem

A

midbrain (mesencephalon)
pons and medulla (rhombencephalon)
(pineal gland at top)

47
Q

what is the role of the medulla oblongata

A

contains nuclei important in controlling respiration and cardiovascular system

48
Q

what is seen on the ventral side of the medulla oblongata

A

pyramid (corticospinal tract - main voluntary motor pathway)

olive (formed by olivary nuclei, motor relay to cerebellum)

49
Q

what is seen on the dorsal side of the medulla oblongata

A

cuneate and gracile tubercle - nuclei form part of ascending tract
gracile to middle and cuneate lateral

50
Q

what is the. function of the pons

A

relays info to cerebellum

above medulla oblongata but below midbrain

51
Q

what is seen on the ventral side of the pons

A

transverse fibres forming cerebellar peduncles (like parted hair)

52
Q

what is seen on the dorsal side of the pons

A

middle cerebellar peduncle (white matter tracts linking BS with cerebellum)
contains reticular info (nuclei concerned with sleep and motor control)

53
Q

what is the mid brain

A

continuous with forebrain

54
Q

what is seen on the ventral side of the midbrain

A

cerebellar peduncles (crus cerebri)
corticospinal tract
just above pons, mirrored

55
Q

what is seen on the dorsal side of the midbrain

A

superior colliculus - vision (eye movement)
inferior colliculus - auditory (relay nuclei)
blobs either side and below pineal gland

56
Q

what is within the midbrain

A

substantia nigra lies within

57
Q

what is the structure of the midbrain

A 
cerebral peduncles over substantia nigra 
red nuclei (2)
dorsal side - superior colliculus
58
Q

what does the substantia nigra do

A

dopaminergic neurons

part of basal ganglia

59
Q

what do the red nuclei do

A

motor coordination - relay between cortex and cerebellum

60
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

unconscious motor function

61
Q

where is the cerebellum

A

posterior to brainstem

62
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

Primarily involved with motor control:

  • Control of posture
  • Coordinating and planning limb movements
  • Control of eye movements
63
Q

what do cerebellar lesions cause

A

gait disturbances, upper limb ataxia and eye movement disorders

64
Q

what is the structure of the cerebellum

A 
outer grey matter 
underlying white matter 
2 hemispheres
3 lobes (divided)
contains nuclei
similar to cerebral hemispheres
65
Q

how is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem

A

by cerebellar peduncles

66
Q

what are the lobes of the cerebellum

A

anterior
flocculonodular
posterior
divided into 2 hemispheres by vermis

67
Q

what is the internal structure of the cerebellum like

A

highly folded

lobules with cerebellar cortex - arbor vitae

68
Q

what are the cerebellar inputs

A

from periphery, spinal cord and BS, and cerebellar cortex via 2 afferent systems

69
Q

what are the 2 afferent systems that send inputs to cerebellum

A 
mossy fibres (from pons and spinal cord)
climbing fibres (from medulla)
70
Q

what are the outputs from the cerebellum

A

motor outputs to thalamus (cortex) and brainstem

71
Q

what does the diencephalon do

A

relay and coordination centres

72
Q

where is the diencephalon found

A

continuous with midbrain

comprises the thalamus and hypothalamus

73
Q

main functions of diencephalon

A

relays sensory info to cortex

involved in consciousness, sleep, memory and motor functions

74
Q

how is the diencephalon clinically relevant

A

Targeting nuclei may be effective treatment for epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, pain, psychiatric disorders

75
Q

what is the structure of the diencephalon

A

paired structure
divided into nuclear groups
thalamus and hypothalamus
inter thalamic adhesion between 2 sides of thalamus

76
Q

where is the hypothalamus found

A

inferior to thalamus
superior to pituitary gland
sits between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies

77
Q

main function of hypothalamus

A

coordinates autonomic NS and NE system
thermoregulation, feeding, drinking, circadian rhythms
inputs from limbic system

78
Q

how is the hypothalamus clinically relevant

A

Hypothalamic lesions linked to endocrine syndromes

202 Theme 1 (6 decks)

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