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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 5: Nervous System Intro and Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Nervous System Intro and Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Maintaining homeostasis (neurotransmitters)
  2. Gives us our five senses
  3. Initiates voluntary and involuntary movements
  4. Responsible for thoughts, behaviors and memories.
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2
Q

What are the divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
    Brain and Spinal cord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    Cranial nerves (send impulses to and from brain)
    Spinal nerves (send impulses to and from spinal cord)
    Sense organs
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3
Q

What are the communication pathways of CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: Involved with integration of messages and coordinating a response.
PNS: Sensory input and motor output.

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4
Q

What is the difference between an afferent and efferent pathway?

A

Afferent: When a message is directed toward the CNS.
Efferent: When a message is directed away from the CNS.

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5
Q

What are the three receptors for sensory input?

A
  1. Sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose and mouth)
  2. Somatosensory receptors (skin, muscles and joints)
  3. Visceral Sensory receptors (visceral organs)
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6
Q

Which two forms of nervous system are involved in motor output?

A

Somatic NS: Direct movement of skeletal muscle (voluntary)
Autonomic NS: Send messages to direct activity of smooth, cardiac muscle and glands. (involuntary)

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7
Q

What are the subdivisions of Autonomic N.S.

A

Sympathetic NS: Used when stressed
Parasympathetic: Bodily activities when relaxed.

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8
Q

What are the two types of specialized cells which make up nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neurons: Transmit electrical impulses
  2. Neuroglia: Different types of cells that support the functioning of neurons.
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9
Q

What are 6 different types of neuroglia cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes (CNS)
  2. Microglia (CNS)
  3. Ependymal cells (CNS)
  4. Oligodendrocytes (CNS)
  5. Schwann cells (PNS)
  6. Satellite cells (PNS)
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10
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes (CNS)?

A

Star shaped cells and the most abundant. Anchor the neurons to their nutrient supply from blood capillaries.

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11
Q

What are the functions of microglia (CNS)?

A

Small oval shaped cells that touch and monitor health of neurons. Transform into macrophage that will phagocytize invading microorganisms.

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12
Q

What are the functions of Ependymal cells?

A

Responsible for circulating cerebrospinal fluid through brain and spinal cord.

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13
Q

What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?

A

Wrap around the axons of neurons to insulate. Helps increase the speed of electric impulse.

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14
Q

What is the function of Satellite and Schwann cells?

A

Satellite cells: Support and nourish the neuron cell bodies in PNS.
Schwann cells: Wrap around axons to make myelin sheath. Such cells have gaps in between called nodes of Ranvier. It increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

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15
Q

Describe the anatomy of a neuron

A
  1. Dendrites and cell body make up the receiving portion of sensory stimuli.
  2. Axon hillock: Integrates information and initiated action potentials.
  3. Impulses are transmitted to axon terminals.
  4. Release neurotransmitters through exocytosis. (synapse)
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16
Q

Difference of myelin sheath between CNS and PNS.

A

Schwann cells help in the regeneration tube for axons whereas this is not possible in CNS due to the lack of outer layer.

17
Q

What elements are involved in the regeneration of PNS neurons?

A

Macrophages - remove debris
Schwann cells - Form regeneration tube and secrete growth factors
Axons - regenerate damaged part

18
Q

Will regeneration occur for CNS neurons?

A

CNS neurons will not regenerate and will result in permanent loss of sensation.

19
Q

What are the structural classes of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar: Contains more than two extensions of cell body; most are interneurons in CNS others being motor neurons PNS.
  2. Bipolar: Two extensions of cell body being rare (eye) and has sensory function.
  3. Unipolar: Only on extension; common in PNS and has sensory function.
20
Q

What are the functional types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory neurons: Associated with sensory receptors.
  2. Interneurons: Integrate and coordinate a response; found entirely in the CNS.
  3. Motor Neurons: Transmit nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors.
21
Q

Term: Nucleus

A

Group of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

22
Q

Term: Tract

A

Bundle of neuron axons in CNS

23
Q

Term: Nerve

A

Bundle of neuron axons in PNS.

24
Q

Term: Ganglion

A

Group of neuron cell bodies in PNS.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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