Lecture 16: Cardiovascular System Intro and Blood Flashcards
Which side of the heart is responsible for which circuit?
Systemic circuit: Left atrium and ventricle (transport blood to all parts of body).
Pulmonary circuit: Right atrium and ventricle (transport blood to the lungs).
How does blood fulfill it’s role in transportation?
- Oxygen (cellular respiration in cells).
- Nutrients (used as fuel and source of building block)
- Hormones (affect specific target cells)
Removal of carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
What is hypoxia?
A condition whereby cells receive an inadequate amount of oxygen to thrive.
What does blood protect us from?
- Blood loss (Platelets and plasma proteins)
- Infection (White blood cells and antibodies)
What does blood regulate?
- Body temperature (Dilation allows large amount of hat to be lost)
- Body fluid pH (plasma proteins and blood plasma substances)
- Osmotic balance
Which are the two ECF fluids serviced by the cells of the body?
- Blood
- Interstitial fluid
What is the difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?
- Blood plasma has high clotting proteins and antibodies in
comparison to I.F. - Blood plasma is fluid component of blood in blood vessels compared to interstitial fluid surrounding tissue cells in the body.
What is blood composed of?
- Plasma - Fluid component
- Formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets)
What are some physical characteristics of blood?
- Sticky, opaque fluid
- Thicker (more viscous) and flows more slowly than water.
- pH 7.4 (7.35-7.45)
- Blood volume (4-5L females)
(5-6L in males)
What is the result of centrifuging blood?
- Plasma (top)
- Buffy Coat (leukocytes and platelets) - middle
- Hematocrit (erythrocytes) - bottom
What is the hematocrit test?
Measure the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. (Height of hematocrit/height of whole blood sample) X 100
Above hematocrit = polycythemia
Below hematocrit = anemia
What is the difference between polycythemia and anemia?
Polycythemia: High number of erythrocytes in the blood. Increased resistance to blood = Increased blood pressure. (Bone marrow cancer, living at high altitudes, blood doping).
Anemia: Low of number of erythrocytes in the blood. Decreased resistance = reducing blood pressure.
What are the blood plasma components?
- Water (Transport, absorbs heat)
- Proteins
- Electrolytes (Osmotic balance, pH) Na, K, Ca, bicarbonates ions
- Other solutes (nutrients, O2, CO2 and wastes)
What are the four types of plasma proteins?
- Albumin: Most abundant and helps to keep the right amount of water and pH. Transports lipid soluble solutes.
- Globulin: Alpha and beta globulin transport lipid, metal ions, fat soluble vitamins. Gamma are antibodies made by plasma cells.
- Fibrinogen: Blood clot formation during injury.
- Peptide hormones and other
What are the five types of leukocytes? (Indicate if they are nongranular or granular)
Granular:
1. Basophil
2. Neutrophil
3. Eosinophil
Nongranular:
1. Lymphocyte
2. Monocyte
What is hematopoiesis?
The production of the formed elements of blood from hematopoietic stem cells. (thrombocytes, erythrocytes and leukocytes)
Early in life, hematopoiesis takes places in liver spleen and red bone marrow. After, it only occurs in red bone marrow and is later limited to flat bones and proximal ends of long bones.
What are the two types of daughter cells formed from hemocytoblast stem cells?
- Lymphoid stem cells: Make lymphocytes
- Myeloid stem cells: Make all other formed elements of blood.
What are some characteristics of erythrocytes?
- Anucleate and lack most organelles including mitochondria.
- Transport of respiratory gases mainly oxygen and also C02.
- Biconcave shape provides high surface area to volume for gas exchange.
What is hemoglobin and it’s structure?
Structure:
1. Globin proteins (2 alpha and 2 beta)
2. 4 Heme groups each made up of a heme pigment and 1 iron atom.
Note: Oxygen binds to iron atoms in the heme group. Carbon dioxide, binds to globin protein instead.
What are some causes of anemia?
- Decreased number of red blood cells:
- Hemorrhagic anemia
- Pernicious anemia
- Aplastic anemia
- Hemolytic anemia - Inadequate hemoglobin content within erythrocytes.
- Iron deficiency anemia - Abnormal hemoglobin molecule
- Sickle cell anemia
- Thalassemia
What is pernicious anemia?
Caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12 which is essential for new RBC formation. Immune system destroys cells that make intrinsic factor essential for absorbing vitamin B12.
What is aplastic anemia?
Reduced number of RBC due to destruction of red bone marrow.
(Drugs, radiation and viruses)
What is hemolytic anemia?
Erythrocytes are destroyed prematurely resulting in low numbers. (mismatched blood transfusion or abnormal hemoglobin)
What is iron deficiency anemia?
Number of RBC is normal but each cell has less hemoglobin due to lack of iron and has a reducing capacity for oxygen. (Slow or prolonged bleeding,; insufficient iron in diet)
Ferritin gives idea of available iron in the body.
What is sickle cell anemia and thalassemia?
Thalassemia: Absence of globin polypeptide; thin erythrocytes and hemoglobin deficient
Sickle cell: Abnormal globin polypeptide forms sickle shaped. Cells rupture and get lodged within small blood vessels.
What is erythropoiesis and describe the cycle?
Production of new erythrocytes.
1. Low O2 levels stimulate kidneys to promote erythropoietin.
2. Erythropoietin levels rise in blood.
3. Erythropoietin in blood promotes erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.
4. New erythrocytes enter bloodstream.
What happens to old erythrocytes?
Macrophages in spleen, liver and red bone marrow phagocytize and digest old erythrocytes via lysosome.
Heme is degraded to yellow pigment bilirubin.
Bilirubin is used to make bile in liver which is secreted by liver and gallbladder to help with lipid digestion.
Bile is broken down to stercobilin which is excreted in feces.
What is the function of leukocytes?
- Defend the body against bacteria, viruses, parasites etc.
- Not confined to the bloodstream. Can move with amoeboid motion to infiltrate tissues and and get to the site of damage.
What are the two types of leukocytes?
- Granulocytes: Contains granules in cytoplasm and has nucleus with multiple lobes.
- Agranulocytes: No visible granules in cytoplasm, nucleus round or kidney shaped.
What are neutrophils and their function?
Destroy bacteria and fungi through phagocytosis. (Numbers increase through acute bacterial infections)
Multilobed nucleus and fine pink cytoplasmic granules.
What are eosinophils and their function?
Nucleus resembles earmuffs.
Defend against parasitic worms through releasing enzymes onto it’s surface which will digest it. Also plays a role in allergic reactions.
What are basophils and their function?
Large blue purple granules that contain histamine. Involved in the inflammatory response.
What are lymphocytes and their function?
T- lymphocytes: Destroys cells that are infected with virus and cancer cells.
B-lymphocytes: Produce antibodies against foreign antigens.
What are monocytes and their function?
Largest of the leukocytes. Enters the surrounding infected tissue where it develops into macrophage and destroys bacteria through phagocytosis; also involved in clean up of debris. Increase in number during chronic infections.
What are thrombocytes and their function?
Helps prevent blood loss:
1. Through the release of chemicals that initiate the process of blood clotting.
2. Forming platelet plug in torn blood vessels.
