Lecture 5: Motivation

Question 1

T or F, humans are intentional beings?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

what is motivation?

Answer 2

degree of effort and persistence directed towards a goal

Question 3

what is “effort” when referring to motivation?

Answer 3

amount of physical and cog. effort put into achieving work related goal

Question 4

what is “persistence” when referring to motivation?

Answer 4

level of application of effort over long period of time… how long you try despite adversity

Question 5

what is “direction” when referring to motivation?

Answer 5

persistent effort towards legitimate goals - directing energy where the organisation wants one to

Question 6

Who came up with the humanistic content theory of motivation?

Answer 6

Maslow

Question 7

what is humanism?

Answer 7

humans at the centre, the needs, wants or discussions of humans

Question 8

what do need/content theories begin with?

Answer 8

physiological or psychological deficiency that ought to be satisfied, wants and desires

Question 9

what is the second stage in need/content theories?

Answer 9

based on the needs/desires, you are driven to part take in behaviours that acquire this goal

Question 10

what is the final stage in need/content theories?

Answer 10

the incentive, the goal, goal attainment is reached

Question 11

summarise need/content theories proposed by people like Maslow

Answer 11

NEEDS, drive BEHAVIOURS, that lead to INCENTIVES

Question 12

Why did Maslow arrange needs in a hierarchy of importance?

Answer 12

because he assumes an escalating degree of conscious intent… once one need is satisfied, we move onto pursue another need

Question 13

what are the 5 categories of Maslows need hierarchy , from lower to higher order needs?

Answer 13

1. Physiological - breathing, food, sleep etc
2. Safety - security of body, resources, morality, family, health etc
3. love/belonging - friendship, intimacy
4. Esteem (HO) - confidence, achievement, respect for and from others
5. Self-actualisation (HO) - creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, acceptance of facts

Question 14

main issue with Maslow’s theory?

Answer 14

• humans don’t necessarily progress in a straight line, linear fashion.
• once we have one, doesn’t mean we don’t need it again.

Question 15

what are the process theories of motivation?

Answer 15

Expectancy and Equity

also sort of Empowerment theory

Question 16

who introduced expectancy theory? when?

Answer 16

Vroom, 1964

Question 17

what is at the core of expectancy theory?

Answer 17

motivation is determined by outcomes people expect to occur as a result of their work activities, thus, people are motivated to complete activities that will lead to favourable outcomes, and to what they feel they can accomplish

Question 18

what does the effective motivational force “equal”?

Answer 18

EP x PO x V

Question 19

what is: 
EP
PO
V 
in the effective motivational force?

Answer 19

EP: expectancy that extra effort will lead to improved performance
PO: belief that improved performance will lead to positive outcome
V: valence - desirability for the individual of the expected outcome

Question 20

how is equality different to equity?

Answer 20

equality: everyone gets something that is the same, everything is equal
equity: is about fairness and justice

Question 21

what is the core of the equity theory?

Answer 21

comparing the effort that we invest in a job with the reward we get, but also comparing this to the person next to us, what their effort and reward is. (exchange relationship)

Question 22

a state of equity would be….what?

Answer 22

same effort would equal the same rewards

Question 23

how do we respond to inequity?

Answer 23

1. perceptually distort our own effort and reward
2. perceptually distort efforts and rewards of comparison person
3. choose another comparison person
4. alter our effort or seek to alter the reward
5. move to another job

Question 24

what is the process after inequity has been perceived?

Answer 24

1. perceived inequity
2. tension within the individual
3. motivation to reduce tension
4. inequity response

Question 25

which cultures tend to face reward that are based on equality not equity (“we all get the same” v. relationship to output)

Answer 25

collectivist

Question 26

outline difference between incentive and reward:

Answer 26

incentive: looks to future (getting you needs met)
reward: looks to the past (rewards prior performance)

Question 27

using the principles of human relations, how can job design motivate people?

Answer 27

jobs that have: variety, autonomy, provide feedback provide significance for others and are complete are intrinsically motivating

Question 28

who introduced empowerment theory? when

Answer 28

Quinn and Spreitzer, 1977

Question 29

what are the psychological empowerment dimensions?

Answer 29

• self determination
• meaning
• competence
• impact

Question 30

what is self determination in empowerment?

Answer 30

ability to decide how you do your own work and not being micro managed

Question 31

what is meaning in empowerment?

Answer 31

feelings that job is adding to the greater good/can see the end result of the work you do

Question 32

what is competence in empowerment?

Answer 32

having the skills and knowledge to undertake your job

Question 33

what is impact in empowerment?

Answer 33

understanding the impact of what you do, understanding how what you do contributes to something greater

Question 34

in what ways do organisations facilitate empowerment

Answer 34

• clear vision and challenge - visibility over their impact
• encourage openness and teamwork
• provide discipline and control
• focus on support and security