Lecture 5: Motivation Flashcards
T or F, humans are intentional beings?
True
what is motivation?
degree of effort and persistence directed towards a goal
what is “effort” when referring to motivation?
amount of physical and cog. effort put into achieving work related goal
what is “persistence” when referring to motivation?
level of application of effort over long period of time… how long you try despite adversity
what is “direction” when referring to motivation?
persistent effort towards legitimate goals - directing energy where the organisation wants one to
Who came up with the humanistic content theory of motivation?
Maslow
what is humanism?
humans at the centre, the needs, wants or discussions of humans
what do need/content theories begin with?
physiological or psychological deficiency that ought to be satisfied, wants and desires
what is the second stage in need/content theories?
based on the needs/desires, you are driven to part take in behaviours that acquire this goal
what is the final stage in need/content theories?
the incentive, the goal, goal attainment is reached
summarise need/content theories proposed by people like Maslow
NEEDS, drive BEHAVIOURS, that lead to INCENTIVES
Why did Maslow arrange needs in a hierarchy of importance?
because he assumes an escalating degree of conscious intent… once one need is satisfied, we move onto pursue another need
what are the 5 categories of Maslows need hierarchy , from lower to higher order needs?
- Physiological - breathing, food, sleep etc
- Safety - security of body, resources, morality, family, health etc
- love/belonging - friendship, intimacy
- Esteem (HO) - confidence, achievement, respect for and from others
- Self-actualisation (HO) - creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, acceptance of facts
main issue with Maslow’s theory?
- humans don’t necessarily progress in a straight line, linear fashion.
- once we have one, doesn’t mean we don’t need it again.
what are the process theories of motivation?
Expectancy and Equity
also sort of Empowerment theory
who introduced expectancy theory? when?
Vroom, 1964
what is at the core of expectancy theory?
motivation is determined by outcomes people expect to occur as a result of their work activities, thus, people are motivated to complete activities that will lead to favourable outcomes, and to what they feel they can accomplish
what does the effective motivational force “equal”?
EP x PO x V
what is: EP PO V in the effective motivational force?
EP: expectancy that extra effort will lead to improved performance
PO: belief that improved performance will lead to positive outcome
V: valence - desirability for the individual of the expected outcome
how is equality different to equity?
equality: everyone gets something that is the same, everything is equal
equity: is about fairness and justice
what is the core of the equity theory?
comparing the effort that we invest in a job with the reward we get, but also comparing this to the person next to us, what their effort and reward is. (exchange relationship)
a state of equity would be….what?
same effort would equal the same rewards
how do we respond to inequity?
- perceptually distort our own effort and reward
- perceptually distort efforts and rewards of comparison person
- choose another comparison person
- alter our effort or seek to alter the reward
- move to another job
what is the process after inequity has been perceived?
- perceived inequity
- tension within the individual
- motivation to reduce tension
- inequity response
which cultures tend to face reward that are based on equality not equity (“we all get the same” v. relationship to output)
collectivist
outline difference between incentive and reward:
incentive: looks to future (getting you needs met)
reward: looks to the past (rewards prior performance)
using the principles of human relations, how can job design motivate people?
jobs that have: variety, autonomy, provide feedback provide significance for others and are complete are intrinsically motivating
who introduced empowerment theory? when
Quinn and Spreitzer, 1977
what are the psychological empowerment dimensions?
- self determination
- meaning
- competence
- impact
what is self determination in empowerment?
ability to decide how you do your own work and not being micro managed
what is meaning in empowerment?
feelings that job is adding to the greater good/can see the end result of the work you do
what is competence in empowerment?
having the skills and knowledge to undertake your job
what is impact in empowerment?
understanding the impact of what you do, understanding how what you do contributes to something greater
in what ways do organisations facilitate empowerment
- clear vision and challenge - visibility over their impact
- encourage openness and teamwork
- provide discipline and control
- focus on support and security
