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VBSC 421: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture 5: Life Story 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Life Story 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which germ layer forms the epithelium?

A

Diverse, derived from all germ cell layers

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2
Q

Which germ cell layer forms the GI tract and glandular organs (pancreas, lung, etc.)?

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

Which germ cell layer forms nervous tissue?

A

Ectoderm

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4
Q

Which germ cell layer forms connective tissue and muscle tissues?

A

Mesoderm

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the epithelium?

A
  1. Cells that cover surfaces and line tubes
  2. Derived from all germ cell layers
  3. Cells are closely adjoined, often with specialized junctions
  4. Little extracellular matrix between cells
  5. Typically the apical portion is facing a lumen (cavity) or environment, and the basal portion sits on a basement membrane
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6
Q

What are the classifications of epithelia?

A
  1. Squamous - flat, irregular in shape
  2. Cuboidal - Cube shaped
  3. Columnar - tall, often with specialization
  4. Transitional - Intermediate between squamous and cuboidal
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7
Q

Where is squamous epithelia found?

A

Skin, oral mucosa, lines blood vessels (endothelium) and abdominal cavities (mesothelium).
Can be simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers)

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8
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelia found?

A 
In ducts 
Simple structure (one layer)
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9
Q

Where is columnar epithelia found?

A

In the respiratory and GI tracts

Can be simple (one layer) or pseudostratified (one layer, but appears as multiple)

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10
Q

Where is transitional epithelia found?

A

In the urinary bladder and ureters only

Stratified (multiple layers)

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11
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Specialized epithelia where product is secreted into ducts (tubes that drain glands)

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12
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Specialized epithelia where product is secreted into the blood

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13
Q

Connective tissues (mesoderm)

A

Bone, cartilage, fat, blood (hematopoietic tissue), fibrous connective tissues

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14
Q

Fibroblast

A

Metabolically and mitotically active cell of connective tissue
1. Will proliferate in response to injury
2. Produces components of the extracellular matrix
ubiquitous in cells

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15
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Primitive cell of connective tissue, pleuripotent, will differentiate into other connective tissue cells

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16
Q

Myeloid tissue

A

Gives rise to the granulocytes of the blood

-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, also monocytes, macrophages (platelets)

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17
Q

Lymphoid tissue

A

Gives rise to lymphocytes of blood and the lymphoid tissue of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and elsewhere

18
Q

Erythroid tissue

A

Gives rise to red blood cells

19
Q

What are characteristics of cartilage (mesoderm)?

A
  1. Firm, flexible connective tissue
  2. Cell type is chondrocyte which are contained in lacunae
  3. Consists of abundant chondroitin sulfate (ground substance) and collagen
  4. Relatively avascular (limited blood supply)
  5. 3 types: Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
20
Q

What are characteristics of Hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. Must abundant cartilage
  2. Present at the joints
  3. Gives rise to bones by a process called ossification
21
Q

What are characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. Abundant fibers in collagen
  2. Present where there is the need to resist compressive forces (shock absorbers), such as the intervertebral discs of the spine
22
Q

What are characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A
  1. Abundant in elastic tissue for flexibility and deformity

2. Found in ear and epiglottis

23
Q

Bone is specialized connective tissue that is under constant remodeling. What are involved in this process and what do they do?

A

–Osteoblasts (lay down bone)
–Osteoclasts (remove or degrade existing bone)
–Osteocytes (maintain bone)

24
Q

Woven bone

A

Form of bone that is considered immature and is remodeled to form lamellar bone

25
Q

Lamellar bone

A

Form of bone that is highly organized ultrastructure composed of successive layers of compact bone (solid) and cancellous (spongy) bone

26
Q

What are the two mechanisms for bone formation?

A
  1. Intramembranous (membrane bones)
  2. Endochondral (cartilage bones)
    Study slide 22
27
Q

Neural crest cells

A

“wedges” of the neural crest that break apart from the neuroectoderm and migrate along defined routes to various sites in the body (spinal nerve, neural cells of GI tract etc)

28
Q

Ectodermal placodes

A

Thickenings of the surface neuroectoderm, distinct from the neural crest , that ultimately give rise to specific sensory receptors distinct from the neural crest

29
Q

Ectodermal placodes give rise to which structures?

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Optic placode (lens of the eye)
  3. Olfactory placode (olfactory bulb, smell receptors)
30
Q

Heterochrony

A
  1. The appearance of a feature at a different stage of development from its ancestors
  2. Rate of growth of a part, onset of a feature in development, offset (disappearance) in development
31
Q

Temporal variations in development can give rise to what evolutionary changes?

A

–Rate of growth of a part
–Onset of growth of a part
–Offset of the growth period
–Changes in the developmental patterns as dictated by changes in gene expression (ala Mendel)

32
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Multiple species arise from a single ancestor and diversify in their physical characteristics so they can exploit different components (niches) of their environment (example: Darwin’s finches)

33
Q

Bmp-4

A
  1. A bone morphologic protein important to the development of other cells in the cranial skeleton.
  2. Affects the patterning and growth of chondrocytes in the maxilla and mandible of various species
34
Q

How did Bmp-4 affect Darwin’s finches?

A

Generally, species with broader beaks (as compared to longer, narrower beaks) showedBmp-4 expression at higher levels and earlier in development. Higher levels = thicker beaks

35
Q

What is significant about how Bmp-4 affected the finches?

A
  1. Shows how the expression of a single gene (ala Mendel) can affect a morphologic feature, subsequently allowing different forms to arise in the population and in turn, speciate.
  2. A fantastic example of how organisms evolve in response to their environment and how genes provide the basis for variation in biological design
36
Q

Explain how the specific cells containing the Bmp-4 gene were affected

A

Affects BOTH mesodermal and ectodermal cells
Mesodermal: Larger, chunkier beaks
Ectodermal (instead of mesodermal): Slimmer, narrower beaks

37
Q

What are characteristics of Homeobox (HOX) genes?

A
  1. Control expression of secondary genes that regulate the formation of body parts
  2. Set up “polarity” in the embryo and provide “positional” information
38
Q

Clusters of genes related to HOX genes have been found in which germ layers?

A
  1. Hox- neuroectoderm
  2. Parahox - Endoderm
  3. NK gene - Mesoderm
39
Q

Compact bone is most commonly found in what part of the long bone?

A

Diaphysis

40
Q

Cancellous bone is most commonly found in what part of the long bone?

A

Metaphysis

VBSC 421: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (6 decks)

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