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VBSC 421: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy > Lecture 2: Name and Nomenclature > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Name and Nomenclature Flashcards

1
Q

Homology (ous)

A

Features that share a common ancestry (definition is independent of function)

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2
Q

Analogy (ous)

A

Features that share a common function but different ancestry

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3
Q

Homoplasty

A

Features that look alike

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4
Q

Which structures on the bird and squirrel are homologous?

A

Forelimb (wing, arm)

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5
Q

Why are the wings of a bee and bat considered analogous?

A

Both animals use their wings to fly, but one is a vertebrate and the other an invertebrate (different ancestry)

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6
Q

Why can lizard skin and tree bark be considered homoplastic structures?

A

They look alike, but have different functions and evolutionary origins

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7
Q

Vestige

A

A rudimentary, or degenerate, typically non-functioning structure within an organism that was a functional part of its anatomy in a previous form, but has subsequently been lost through the process of evolution

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8
Q

What is an example of a vestigial structure?

A

Pelvis of a whale

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9
Q

What characteristics do all vertebrates share?

A
  1. Internal backbone that forms endoskeleton
  2. Dorsal nerve
  3. Brain and brain case (skull)
  4. Highly developed sensory organs
  5. Closed circulatory systems
  6. Bilateral symmetry
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10
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Associated with invertebrates, the body is laid out equally in all directions from a central axis such that any line drawn through the center divides the organism into equal halves

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11
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Associated with vertebrates, only a mid sagittal plane can divide organism into left and right halves

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12
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Plane that divides organism into left and right halves

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13
Q

Mid-Sagittal Plane

A

Divides organism into left and right mirror images

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Plane that divides organism into anterior and posterior (or superior and inferior) portions

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15
Q

Frontal Plane

A

Divides organism into dorsal and ventral portions

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16
Q

How do the transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes translate to a bi-pedal organism?

A

Transverse Plane: Divides biped into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) portions
Sagittal Plane: Divides biped into left and right halves
Frontal (or coronal) Plane: Divides biped into dorsal (back) and ventral (stomach) portions

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17
Q

How do the transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes translate to a quadraped organism?

A

Transverse Plane: Divides into anterior (cranial, towards head) and posterior (caudal, towards tail) portions
Sagittal Plane: Divides into left and right halves
Frontal (or coronal) Plane: Divides into dorsal (back) and ventral (stomach) sections

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18
Q

Lateral/Distal

A

Away from midline

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19
Q

Medial/Proximal

A

Closer to the midline

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20
Q

Supine

A

On the back (face up)

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21
Q

Prone

A

On the stomach (face down)

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22
Q

Segmentation

A

Repeating or duplicating sections within an organism

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23
Q

Do invertebrates have segmentation? How does it affect the organism?

A

Yes, degree segmentation can vary greatly. It may result in in the compartmentalization of functions and/or a mechanism for duplication of functions.

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24
Q

Do vertebrates have segmentation? Where is it normally seen?

A

Yes, but it is limited. It is found in the vertebral column and innervation of musculature and skin

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25
Q

Head

A

The prominent, expanded end, especially of a bone (Example: Head of the femur)

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26
Q

Neck

A

A narrow projection, often connecting.

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27
Q

Shaft

A

Long, middle portion of a bone

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28
Q

Process

A

A bony projection

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29
Q

Condyle

A

A smooth, boney projection, typically for a joint

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30
Q

Articulation

A

Where bones meet with mobility (typically a joint)

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31
Q

Tubercle

A

A small, rounded process (of bone). Can also be called an eminence

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32
Q

Tuberosity

A

A rough area on a bone surface where muscle’s insert

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33
Q

Crest

A

Narrow Ridge

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34
Q

Spinous Process

A

A boney projection

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35
Q

Fossa

A

A shallow depression

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36
Q

Septum

A

A dividing structure (bone, membrane, or muscle)

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37
Q

Sulcus

A

A groove or furrow. In bone, a nerve or blood vessel may lie within (along) but not pass through it. The brain in particular has plenty of sulci.

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38
Q

Alveolus

A

Tooth Socket

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39
Q

Foramen

A

A round hole, often in a bone, that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass

40
Q

Fissure

A

A narrow slit in a bone through which objects can pass

41
Q

Canal or Meatus

A

A tunnel through bone

42
Q

Sinus

A

Air filled cavity inside a bone

43
Q

Dys-

A

Difficult

44
Q

Ecto-

A

External

45
Q

En-/Endo-

A

Within

46
Q

Epi-

A

Upon

47
Q

Hemi-

A

Half

48
Q

Hetero-

A

Unlike

49
Q

Homo-

A

Same

50
Q

Hyper-

A

Above

51
Q

Hypo-

A

Low

52
Q

Inter-

A

Between

53
Q

Intra-

A

Within

54
Q

Iso-

A

Equal, same

55
Q

Macro-

A

Large

56
Q

Mal-

A

Poor, bad

57
Q

Meg-/Megalo-

A

Big

58
Q

Meso-

A

Middle

59
Q

Meta-

A

After

60
Q

Micro-

A

Small

61
Q

Mono-

A

One

62
Q

Multi-

A

Many

63
Q

Oligo-

A

Scanty

64
Q

Ortho-

A

Straight

65
Q

Pachy-

A

Thick

66
Q

Pan-

A

All

67
Q

Para-

A

Alongside

68
Q

Peri-

A

Around

69
Q

Poly-

A

Many

70
Q

Post-

A

After

71
Q

Pre-/Pro-

A

Before

72
Q

Quadri-

A

Four

73
Q

Retro-

A

Backwards

74
Q

Sclero-

A

Hard

75
Q

Semi-

A

Half

76
Q

Steno-

A

Narrowing

77
Q

Sub-

A

Below

78
Q

Super-/Supra-

A

Above

79
Q

Syn-

A

With/Same

80
Q

Tachy-

A

Rapid

81
Q

Tri-

A

Three

82
Q

Tunica-

A

“Coat” or covering

83
Q

Xeno-

A

Strange

84
Q

A-/An-

A

Absence of

85
Q

Ab-/De-

A

Away from

86
Q

Ad-

A

Towards

87
Q

Ante-

A

Before

88
Q

Anti-

A

Against

89
Q

Annuluns-

A

“Little ring”

90
Q

Bi-

A

Two

91
Q

Circum-

A

Around

92
Q

Co-/Con-

A

Together

93
Q

Contra-

A

Against

94
Q

Diplo-

A

Double

95
Q

What is the genetic basis?

A

Genetic mutations randomly occur in the germ line of organisms, resulting in an ongoing supply of novel variations

96
Q

What is important about genetic variations?

A
  1. These variations may be beneficial or deleterious to the organism and may affect the organism’s ability to survive in it’s environment or reproduce.
  2. Can provide an adaptive advantage or disadvantage for a particular organism: this gives the process of natural selection

VBSC 421: Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (6 decks)

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