Lecture 2: Name and Nomenclature

Question 1

Homology (ous)

Answer 1

Features that share a common ancestry (definition is independent of function)

Question 2

Analogy (ous)

Answer 2

Features that share a common function but different ancestry

Question 3

Homoplasty

Answer 3

Features that look alike

Question 4

Which structures on the bird and squirrel are homologous?

Answer 4

Forelimb (wing, arm)

Question 5

Why are the wings of a bee and bat considered analogous?

Answer 5

Both animals use their wings to fly, but one is a vertebrate and the other an invertebrate (different ancestry)

Question 6

Why can lizard skin and tree bark be considered homoplastic structures?

Answer 6

They look alike, but have different functions and evolutionary origins

Question 7

Vestige

Answer 7

A rudimentary, or degenerate, typically non-functioning structure within an organism that was a functional part of its anatomy in a previous form, but has subsequently been lost through the process of evolution

Question 8

What is an example of a vestigial structure?

Answer 8

Pelvis of a whale

Question 9

What characteristics do all vertebrates share?

Answer 9

1. Internal backbone that forms endoskeleton
2. Dorsal nerve
3. Brain and brain case (skull)
4. Highly developed sensory organs
5. Closed circulatory systems
6. Bilateral symmetry

Question 10

Radial Symmetry

Answer 10

Associated with invertebrates, the body is laid out equally in all directions from a central axis such that any line drawn through the center divides the organism into equal halves

Question 11

Bilateral Symmetry

Answer 11

Associated with vertebrates, only a mid sagittal plane can divide organism into left and right halves

Question 12

Sagittal Plane

Answer 12

Plane that divides organism into left and right halves

Question 13

Mid-Sagittal Plane

Answer 13

Divides organism into left and right mirror images

Question 14

Transverse Plane

Answer 14

Plane that divides organism into anterior and posterior (or superior and inferior) portions

Question 15

Frontal Plane

Answer 15

Divides organism into dorsal and ventral portions

Question 16

How do the transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes translate to a bi-pedal organism?

Answer 16

Transverse Plane: Divides biped into superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) portions
Sagittal Plane: Divides biped into left and right halves
Frontal (or coronal) Plane: Divides biped into dorsal (back) and ventral (stomach) portions

Question 17

How do the transverse, sagittal, and frontal planes translate to a quadraped organism?

Answer 17

Transverse Plane: Divides into anterior (cranial, towards head) and posterior (caudal, towards tail) portions
Sagittal Plane: Divides into left and right halves
Frontal (or coronal) Plane: Divides into dorsal (back) and ventral (stomach) sections

Question 18

Lateral/Distal

Answer 18

Away from midline

Question 19

Medial/Proximal

Answer 19

Closer to the midline

Question 20

Supine

Answer 20

On the back (face up)

Question 21

Prone

Answer 21

On the stomach (face down)

Question 22

Segmentation

Answer 22

Repeating or duplicating sections within an organism

Question 23

Do invertebrates have segmentation? How does it affect the organism?

Answer 23

Yes, degree segmentation can vary greatly. It may result in in the compartmentalization of functions and/or a mechanism for duplication of functions.

Question 24

Do vertebrates have segmentation? Where is it normally seen?

Answer 24

Yes, but it is limited. It is found in the vertebral column and innervation of musculature and skin

Question 25

Head

Answer 25

The prominent, expanded end, especially of a bone (Example: Head of the femur)

Question 26

Neck

Answer 26

A narrow projection, often connecting.

Question 27

Shaft

Answer 27

Long, middle portion of a bone

Question 28

Process

Answer 28

A bony projection

Question 29

Condyle

Answer 29

A smooth, boney projection, typically for a joint

Question 30

Articulation

Answer 30

Where bones meet with mobility (typically a joint)

Question 31

Tubercle

Answer 31

A small, rounded process (of bone). Can also be called an eminence

Question 32

Tuberosity

Answer 32

A rough area on a bone surface where muscle's insert

Question 33

Crest

Answer 33

Narrow Ridge

Question 34

Spinous Process

Answer 34

A boney projection

Question 35

Fossa

Answer 35

A shallow depression

Question 36

Septum

Answer 36

A dividing structure (bone, membrane, or muscle)

Question 37

Sulcus

Answer 37

A groove or furrow. In bone, a nerve or blood vessel may lie within (along) but not pass through it. The brain in particular has plenty of sulci.

Question 38

Alveolus

Answer 38

Tooth Socket

Question 39

Foramen

Answer 39

A round hole, often in a bone, that allows nerves and blood vessels to pass

Question 40

Fissure

Answer 40

A narrow slit in a bone through which objects can pass

Question 41

Canal or Meatus

Answer 41

A tunnel through bone

Question 42

Sinus

Answer 42

Air filled cavity inside a bone

Question 43

Dys-

Answer 43

Difficult

Question 44

Ecto-

Answer 44

External

Question 45

En-/Endo-

Answer 45

Within

Question 46

Epi-

Answer 46

Upon

Question 47

Hemi-

Answer 47

Half

Question 48

Hetero-

Answer 48

Unlike

Question 49

Homo-

Answer 49

Same

Question 50

Hyper-

Answer 50

Above

Question 51

Hypo-

Answer 51

Low

Question 52

Inter-

Answer 52

Between

Question 53

Intra-

Answer 53

Within

Question 54

Iso-

Answer 54

Equal, same

Question 55

Macro-

Answer 55

Large

Question 56

Mal-

Answer 56

Poor, bad

Question 57

Meg-/Megalo-

Answer 57

Big

Question 58

Meso-

Answer 58

Middle

Question 59

Meta-

Answer 59

After

Question 60

Micro-

Answer 60

Small

Question 61

Mono-

Answer 61

One

Question 62

Multi-

Answer 62

Many

Question 63

Oligo-

Answer 63

Scanty

Question 64

Ortho-

Answer 64

Straight

Question 65

Pachy-

Answer 65

Thick

Question 66

Pan-

Answer 66

All

Question 67

Para-

Answer 67

Alongside

Question 68

Peri-

Answer 68

Around

Question 69

Poly-

Answer 69

Many

Question 70

Post-

Answer 70

After

Question 71

Pre-/Pro-

Answer 71

Before

Question 72

Quadri-

Answer 72

Four

Question 73

Retro-

Answer 73

Backwards

Question 74

Sclero-

Answer 74

Hard

Question 75

Semi-

Answer 75

Half

Question 76

Steno-

Answer 76

Narrowing

Question 77

Sub-

Answer 77

Below

Question 78

Super-/Supra-

Answer 78

Above

Question 79

Syn-

Answer 79

With/Same

Question 80

Tachy-

Answer 80

Rapid

Question 81

Tri-

Answer 81

Three

Question 82

Tunica-

Answer 82

"Coat" or covering

Question 83

Xeno-

Answer 83

Strange

Question 84

A-/An-

Answer 84

Absence of

Question 85

Ab-/De-

Answer 85

Away from

Question 86

Ad-

Answer 86

Towards

Question 87

Ante-

Answer 87

Before

Question 88

Anti-

Answer 88

Against

Question 89

Annuluns-

Answer 89

"Little ring"

Question 90

Bi-

Answer 90

Two

Question 91

Circum-

Answer 91

Around

Question 92

Co-/Con-

Answer 92

Together

Question 93

Contra-

Answer 93

Against

Question 94

Diplo-

Answer 94

Double

Question 95

What is the genetic basis?

Answer 95

Genetic mutations randomly occur in the germ line of organisms, resulting in an ongoing supply of novel variations

Question 96

What is important about genetic variations?

Answer 96

1. These variations may be beneficial or deleterious to the organism and may affect the organism’s ability to survive in it’s environment or reproduce. 2. Can provide an adaptive advantage or disadvantage for a particular organism: this gives the process of natural selection