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ELM2 - blood > lecture 5 - leucocytes & pathology > Flashcards

lecture 5 - leucocytes & pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common type of granulocyte?

A

Neutrophils

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2
Q

What is the name for the process of granulocyte production?

A

granulopoiesis

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3
Q

What is the most immature form of a granulocyte?

A

Myeloblast

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4
Q

Where does granulopoiesis occur?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

How long does it take for neutrophils to mature in the bone marrow?

A

~10 days

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6
Q

How long will neutrophils spend in the blood before tissue migration?

A

~5 days

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7
Q

What are the 2 key cytokines that stimulate neutrophil growth?

A

GM-CSF (granulocyte (monocyte) colony stimulating factor), G-CSF (Granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

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8
Q

What cytokine is used to stimulate neutrophil production following chemotherapy?

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

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9
Q

What are the 5 key stages of neutrophil adhesion & migration into tissues?

A

Rolling, slow rolling, arrest, crawling, transmigration

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10
Q

What proteins aid in the adhesion and rolling of neutrophils to the endothelium?

A

adhesion molecules - selectin, integrin

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11
Q

What molecules are involved in the arrest of neutrophils during adhesion and migration?

A

chemokines

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12
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms that neutrophils respond to bacteria with?

A

Apoptosis, NETosis

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13
Q

What are the stimuli for neutrophil response to bacteria?

A

inflammatory cytokines, opsonized bacteria, immune complexes, fungi/ECM components

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14
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The process where a pathogen is made susceptible to phagocytosis

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15
Q

What is NETosis?

A

The process where neutrophils die and spill out their DNA as decondensed chromatin covered in antimicrobial compunds, forming a Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET) that traps bacteria and yeast.

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16
Q

What are the pro-inflammatory effects of neutrophils?

A

release of self—antigen, stimulation of interferon-a/B, forming chromatin lattice (NET), presentation of antimicrobial peptidees

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17
Q

What are the anti-inflammatory effects of neutrophils?

A

uptake by macrophages, stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, removal of cellular debris

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18
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

An elevated neutrophil count in the blood.

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19
Q

What are the 3 main causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection, steroids, chronic illness (smoking, obesity, etc)

20
Q

What is a ‘left shift’ in neutrophil count?

A

An increase in immature neutrophils, typically due to an acute infection

21
Q

What are the features of severe infection-induced neutrophilia?

A

‘left shift’ with high immature neutrophil count, toxic granulation (increased number of prominent granules in cells), vacuolation (autophagocytosis where cells make holes in themselves)

22
Q

Why do steroids cause neutrophilia?

A

Steroids cause demmargination of neutrophils, meaning more remain in the blood and the count appears higher

23
Q

What are the causes of neutropenia?

A

pancytopenia related causes (bone marrow disease, chemotherapy, etc.), drug side effect, viral infection, genetic mutation, blood group (duffy-null), fulminant bacterial infections

24
Q

What are fulminant bacterial infections?

A

A severe, sudden bacterial infection

25
Q

Why do fulminant bacterial infections cause neutropenia?

A

At the very beginning of a rapid, severe infection all of the available neutrophils can be used up/migrate to tissue, meaning the count in the blood is low until the immune system kicks in to produce more.

26
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophil count in the blood

27
Q

What are the treatments for severe neutropenia?

A

intravenous antibiotics if febrile, protective isolation, G-CSF treatment

28
Q

What are the 3 key mechanisms of functional defect of neutrophils?

A

Acquired, steroid medication, genetic defect

29
Q

What are the 3 key acquired causes of functional defect in neutrophils?

A

diabetes, alcoholism and renal failure

30
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Elevated eosinophil count in blood

31
Q

What are the 2 major causes of eosinophilia?

A

parasitic infection, allergic/drug reactions

32
Q

What do monocytes go on to become when tissue resident?

A

macrophages

33
Q

What is monocytosis?

A

High level of monocytes in the blood

34
Q

What are the 2 main causes of monocytosis?

A

reactive chronic inflammatory states (infection), myelodysplastic syndrome

35
Q

What are the 2 likely roles of basophils?

A

immunity against worms, regulation of chronic allergic inflammation

36
Q

If immature white and red cells are found in the blood, what is this usually a sign of?

A

Severe bone marrow disease

37
Q

What is leukoerythroblastic anaemia?

A

When immature blood cells are pushed out of ‘full marrow’

38
Q

What are the key causes of leukerythtoblastic anaemia (caused by ‘full marrow’ pushing out immature cells)?

A

marrow replacement from leukaemia or lymphoma, marrow infiltration by metastatic cancer, myelofibrosis, severe hypoxia, infection

39
Q

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes in the blood?

A

T cells, B cells, NK (natural killer) cells

40
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Elevated levels of lymphocytes in the vlood

41
Q

What are the key causes of lymphocytosis in children?

A

viral infections, pertussis, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

42
Q

What is the major cause of lymphocytosis in adolescents/young adults?

A

EBV (epstein barr virus) and subsequent glandular fever

43
Q

What does the Epstein Barr virus infect in the blood?

A

B cells

44
Q

What type of large, atypical lymphocyte are found in the blood during an acute epstein barr infection?

A

Reactive T cells

45
Q

What are the most common causes of lymphocytosis in the elderly?

A

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, lymphoma

ELM2 - blood (14 decks)

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