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Neuro Exam 3 > Lecture 5: Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning?

A

Acquisition of new information

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

Retention of new information

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3
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Implicit or reflexive memory: skills/habit become automatic

Ex: riding a bike

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4
Q

Where are motor skills related to procedural memory stored?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

Where are non-motor skills related to procedural memory stored?

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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6
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Explicit memory: conscious recognition or recollection of learned facts and experience

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7
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Type of declarative memory for events

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8
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Type of declarative memory for words, language, and rules

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9
Q

How long does short term last?

A

Seconds to hours

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10
Q

How long does long term last?

A

Years

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11
Q

What is working memory?

A

Recalling a fact/memory for use

Ex: recalling info for a test

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12
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Brain’s ability to change and adapt as a result of experience.
Can be by adding synapses or new branches to cells

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13
Q

What is post-tetanic stimulation?

A

Very short discharge of presynaptic neuron that results in NT release lasting 60 sec
Increases probability of AP in post-synaptic cell

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14
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Series of changes in the pre and post synaptic neurons, leading to an increased response to the released NT

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15
Q

What is an example of long-term potentiation?

A

NMDA and non-NMDA cells

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16
Q

What changes in the neuronal structures can lead to plasticity?

A

Gain/loss of synapses

Structural changes in dendrites and soma of neurons

17
Q

What transcription factor is associated with neuronal plasticity?

A

CREB

18
Q

How can CREB affect neuronal plasticity?

A

Can affect NT synthetic enzymes, receptors, and proteins required for growth/synapse formation

19
Q

What are the four steps of memory formation?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage of information
  3. Consolidation
  4. Retrieval
20
Q

What is encoding?

A

Attending to new information and linking it to previous memory.
Emotion plays a role

21
Q

Where is short term memory stored?

A

Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex

22
Q

What structure makes interconnections between neocortex and amygdala possible?

A

Nucleus basalis of Meynert

-cholinergic projection that is a target for Alzheimer’s

23
Q

How is short term memory stored?

A

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

24
Q

What structures are required for consolidating short term memory to long term memory?

A

Hippocampus
Temporal lobes
Papez Circuit

25
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Hypothalamus/Mammillary Bodies –> Anterior Thalamus –> Cingulate Cortex –> Hippocampus

26
Q

What conditions are required for the Papez circuit?

A

LTP and neuronal plasticity

27
Q

Are aspects of a long-term memory stored at the same place?

A

No, stored in areas of cortex related to modality of individual components

28
Q

What anatomic structures are required for long term memory retrieval?

A

Neocortex
Parahippocampal regions
Hippocampus

29
Q

What is the three component model?

A

Central Executive: prefrontal cortes
Phonological Loop: Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
Visuospatial Loop: Occipital cortex associated with vision

30
Q

What are the steps to retrieval?

A
  1. Retrieve memory components from storage area
  2. Back to parahippocampal cortex
  3. Hippocampus to reconstruct memory
  4. Cortex via parahippocampal region
31
Q

What are place cells?

A

Cells that serve as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory and only activate at specific places

= special pyramidal cells in CA1

32
Q

What other cells are needed to create a spatial memory?

A

Grid cell (entorhinal cortex)
Head direction cell
Border cell

Neuro Exam 3 (16 decks)

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