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Neuro Exam 3 > Lecture 11: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Immediately above kidneys

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2
Q

What does the Zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone

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3
Q

What does the Zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Cortisol (main)

Androgens

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4
Q

What does the Zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgens (main)

Cortisol

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5
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines (Epi and Norepi)

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6
Q

What are the actions of catecholamines?

A

Rapid responder to stress

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7
Q

What are the actions of cortisol?

A

Longer-acting stress response

  • Immune Suppression
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • Protein catabolism
  • Lipolysis
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8
Q

What are the actions of aldosterone?

A

Regulates salt and volume homeostasis

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9
Q

What is DHEAS a precursor of?

A

Androgens

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10
Q

What can promote the production of cortisol?

A

Physical stress
Emotional stress
Metabolic stress
Infection and inflammation

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11
Q

When are cortisol secretory rates high? low?

A

High: early morning
Low: late evening

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12
Q

What promotes the production of aldosterone?

A

Low Blood Pressure
Low Blood Volume
Decreased sodium concentration
Increased sodium concentration

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13
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Increased cortisol production by pituitary ACTH-secreting tumor

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14
Q

What are some symptoms of Cushing’s Syndrome?

A 
Truncal Obesity
Moon Face
Buffalo Hump
Purple striae
Hirsutism
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15
Q

What does the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test reveal?

A

Differentiates patients with Cushing Syndrome from patients who do not have it
*If there is no ACTH suppression –> positive for CS

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16
Q

What does the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test reveal?

A

Differentiates patients with Cushing Syndrome from Cushing Disease

17
Q

What causes Cushing’s Disease?

A

Increased cortisol production by a non-pituitary ACTH-secreting tumor

18
Q

How does the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test work?

A

If the dexamethasone decreases ACTH levels, then it is caused by a pituitary tumor.
If ACTH levels stay the same, then it is caused by an ectopic tumor.

19
Q

What can happen with administration of exogenous glucocorticoids?

A

Atrophy adrenal cells that produce cortisol

20
Q

What is the primary action of aldosterone?

A

Renal sodium reabsoprtion

21
Q

How does aldosterone work?

A

Steroid hormone that promotes synthesis of new protein channels and pumps.
Channels inserted on lumen of nephron to reabsorb sodium and secrete potassium.

22
Q

What is ACTH derived from?

A

POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin)

23
Q

What can increased ACTH cause?

A

Increased melanin synthesis –> hyperpigmentation

24
Q

Why would hyperpigmentation be seen in Addison’s Disease?

A

Addison’s Disease is marked by low cortisol and aldosterone. Therefore, more ACTH is produced to compensate and a “side effect” is hyperpigmentation.

25
Q

What can be used to detect adrenal gland insufficiency?

A

Cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH)

26
Q

What can cause Addison’s Disease?

A

Autoimmune Disease
Adrenal hemorrhage
Infections from TB or N. meningitidis
Tumor

27
Q

How are adrenal insufficiencies treated?

A

Exogenous/synthetic cortisol and aldosterone hormones

28
Q

What is Conn’s Syndrome?

A

Excessive production of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

29
Q

What can cause secondary hyperaldosteronism?

A

Excessive renin secretion by juxtaglomerular cells in kidney

30
Q

What happens if there is a 17 alpha enzyme deficiency?

A

Increase in mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Decrease in cortisol, sex hormones

31
Q

What happens if there is a 21 beta enzyme deficiency?

A

Decrease in mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and cortisol

Increase in sex hormone

32
Q

What happens if there is a 11 beta enzyme deficiency?

A

Decrease in aldosterone and cortisol

Increase in sex hormones and DOC

33
Q

What are symptoms of a pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension
Headaches
Palpitations
Sweating

34
Q

What receptors are found on the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines?

A

Muscarinic cholinergic

35
Q

What is the rate limiting step in catecholamine production?

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA

36
Q

Which receptors respond better to Norepi than Epi?

A

alpha receptors and beta 3

37
Q

Which receptors respond same to norepi and epi?

A

Beta 1

38
Q

Which receptors respond better to Epi than Norepi?

A

Beta 2

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