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Forensics > Lecture 5 - hallucinogens and NPS > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - hallucinogens and NPS Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hallucinogen?

A

Most descriptions include a heightened awareness of sensory input and diminished control over what is experienced.

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2
Q

What can LSD and PCP do?

A

Have the capacity to induce a state of altered perceptions, thought and feelings that are not otherwise experienced except in dreams.

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3
Q

What is PCP?

A
  • First used as an anaesthetic.
  • Effects were delirium and hallucinations.
  • Then appeared illegally as a peace pill.
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4
Q

How is PCP usually sold?

A
  • As flakes of angel dust (80% purity)
  • Soaking tobacco or vegetable matter in liquid PCP (10-30% purity).
  • Single doses can contain 1-10 mg.
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5
Q

What are the main ROA for PCP?

A
  • Smoked - rapid effect and high BA.
  • Orally - less rapid and less BA (first pass met and delayed effects).
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6
Q

What are the absorption routes for PCP?

A
  • Rapid when inhaled - effects in minutes
  • Ingested slower - 1 hour after taken
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7
Q

What is the distribution for PCP?

A

PCP crosses the blood brain barrier and is
distributed in the brain and blood as well as
other tissues

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8
Q

What is the metabolism process for PCP?

A
  • Undergoes hydroxylation in the liver.
  • Half life of 20 hours (the amount of time it takes for a drugs active substance to reduce by half in the body)
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9
Q

What is the elimination process for PCP?

A
  • Following hydroxylation in liver, its then excreted through the kidneys into urine.
  • Elim increased if acidic urine.
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10
Q

What is the MOA of PCP?

A
  • Known to effect neurotransmitters like serotonin.
  • It has a significant blocking action on
    glutamate at NMDA receptors which may
    be the reason that some symptoms
    experienced are similar to schizophrenia
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11
Q

What are 3 side effects of PCP?

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Seizures
  • Increased feeling of power
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12
Q

What is LSD?

A
  • Lysergic acid diehtylamine- first synthesised by Hoffman.
  • Comes from a fungal derivative of the genus Claviceps purpurea.
  • Was used to treat alcoholism, opioid addiction and sexual disorders.
  • Known as acid
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13
Q

What is the ROA for LSD?

A
  • Pure form is a crystalline solid which is converted to a colourless liquid for distribution.
  • Can be taken as a tablet, powder, gelatin or impregnated piece of paper.

All are forms of ingestion, needs to pass first pass metabolism so reduces BA. Effects felt within 10 minutes.

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14
Q

What is the distribution routes for LSD?

A
  • Found is measurable levels in the brain, liver, spleen and lungs.
  • High plasma binding levels.
  • Not much known about LSD distribution.
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15
Q

What is the metabolism of LSD like?

A

LSD can be transformed by
demethylation and aromatic hydroxylation to N-desmethyl-LSD and 13, or 14-hydroxy-LSD.

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16
Q

What is the elimination routes for LSD?

A

The metabolite hydroxyl-species eventually
form water soluble conjugates which are
excreted into the bile (80 % by dose).

LSD has been measured in the urine 24 h after administration up to 120 h for a reasonably high dose.

17
Q

What is the MOA for LSD?

A
  • Acts in the brain
  • LSD exerts a selective inhibitory effect on
    the brain by causing cessation of the
    spontaneous firing of serotonin-containing
    neurons of the dorsal and median raphe
    nuclei.
18
Q

What are the 3 categories for effects of LSD?

A
  • Physiological - normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
  • Psychotomimetic - producing an effect on the mind similar to a psychotic state.
  • Psychiatric - relating to mental illness.
19
Q

What are 3 physiological effects?

A
  • High blood pressure
  • Increased heart rate
  • Dilation of pupils
20
Q

What are 3 psychotomimetic effects?

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Visual illusions
21
Q

What are 3 psychotic effects?

A
  • Depressive reactions
  • Paranoia
  • Flashbacks
22
Q

What is the name of the effect straight after taking the drug? and what category is felt?

A
  • The trip.
  • Psychomimetic effects felt
23
Q

What are the overall effects of LSD?

A
  • Dependant on the user - effected by personality.
  • Most mind altering substance known
  • Can cause panic attacks.
  • Death not caused by drug itself but LSD-induced suicidal effects and accidental trauma known.
24
Q

What are the withdrawal effects of LSD?

A
  • No dependence
  • After a few days CNS sensitivity to the drug will be fully restored

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