Lecture 5: Glom and Tubular Function 2 Flashcards
How are these things reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted tubule?
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What is the set role of the Loop of Henle and by how much can this vary?
To produce urine at a set concentration specific to the bodies needs (water reabsorbtion) . Ranges from
Conc: 50 to 1200mOsm/kg water
Volume: 0.5-20 L/day
What are the two hypotheses on how the Loop of Henle works?
- Countercurrent Multiplication
- Passive Hypothesis
Why do we always pee out some urine no matter what?
As this is our main mechanism for Nitrogenous waste removal
How is the Medulla sub-divided?
Into the ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ regions that are dependent on the varied looping of the short and long loop nephrons.
Outer medulla: Nacl
Inner Medulla: NaCl + urea
What does the salt gradient created by the inner and outer medulla affect?
Affects how water + solutes move in/out of the Loop of Henle!
How does the Counter current “single effect” in the short loop nephrons work?
- In the ascending limb Na+/K+/2Cl- and Na+/K+ ATPase mediate Na+ ⇒ ECF
- ROMK (K+ channel) recycles some K+ back into lumen
- Tight junctions are water tight to stop water following Na+
- ECF becomes HYPERTONIC (“single effect”)
- This happens many many times!!’*
- **the ascending limb is immpermeable to water!*
What is Na+/K+/2Cl- the target of?
The drug Furosemide
Whats the “multiple effect” of the short nephron LOH?
Following the active reabsorbtion of Na+, Cl- etc in the ascending limb (which is impermeable to water), water can be passively drawn out/reabsorbed from the descending limb (impermeable to solutes).
Once reabsorbed, where does the water reabsorbed from the descending limb go?
The arterial vasa recta.
This carries blood counter to the direction of tubular fluid flow, ensuring no ‘wash out’ of the gradient.
Water goes out and solute enters as blood descends, vice versa as it ascends
Why is slow flow more favourable for the arterial vasa recta?
Allows for optimal exchange.
Increased flow (eg; large increases in arterial pressure) cause ‘wash-out’, where salt is taken away from the gradient. and the patient can’t concentrate the urine.
What type of fluid enters the early DCT and what is its role?
Dilute fluid from the TAL (where salt was reabs.) enters. This fluid is further diluted via the Na+/Cl- symporters (and the DCT being impermeable to water) and osm → 50mOsm/L.
**Na+/Cl- symporters are blocked by _thiazide diuretics_ used to treat hypertension and HF
The ‘Diluting segment’?
TAL + early DCT
Where salt (NOT water) is removed/reabsorbed from the lumen
Role of ‘Principle Cells’, why are these important to know about?
In the late DCT, connecting tubule and CD.
Reabsorb Na+ via ENaC which drives secretion of K+ via ROMK (as lumen is left negatively charged)
“More Na+ → more K+ secretion”
Importance: if we take thiazide diuretics → more Na+ to DCT → more K+ secretion → hypokalemia → ventricular arrhythmias
Whats Liddles syndrome? and what targets ENaC?
LS: mutation → increased ENaC → too much NaCl reabs. → increased ECF vol and hypertension
**ENaC is the target of potassium-sparing diuretics eg amiloride
The role of Intercalated cells?
Found in the l_ate DCT_, connecting tubule and CD.
- For acid-base balance and K+ absorption
- Secrete H+ (via H+ ATPase and H+/K+ ATPase)
Some of this H+ is used to reabsorb HCO3<strong>-</strong> and some is freely secreted to remove acid!!!
This is why the pH in the lumen drops here!
Body fluid pH is determined by?
CO2/HCO3- buffer system
Diffusion Trapping
Excess H+ after all HCO3- has been used combines with NH3 → NH4+
Whereas ammonia (NH3) can freely diffuse, NH4+ is charged and therefore trapped and excreted (removing the H+)
Simply explain the Passive Hypothesis
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What happens in regards to the passive Hypothesis when ADH is low?
