Lecture 23: Pathology of the ovary and uterus Flashcards
Classification of tumours based of cell of origin?
epithelial, lymphoid, melanocytic, mesenchymal?
epithelial - carcinoma
lymphoid - lymphoma
melanocytic - melanoma
mesenchymal - sarcoma
what is Metaplasia?
Benign change of cells to a form that does not occur in the tissue which it is found
What is dysplasia?
abnormal development of cells
indicative of an early neoplastic process
Typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early in situ neoplasm
The normal ovary?
- at birth about 400 000 primordial follicles that are dormant until puberty
- one of the 20 or so follicles that begins to mature every cycle will be dominant and will reach maturity and be released.
Primary tumours of the ovary?
Ovary non neoplastic, pre-malignant, benign, and malignant tumours?
Fallopian tube overview?
9-11cm long
Free/fimbrial end not attached to ovary
3-4mm in diameter
Fallopian tube structure and function?
Fimbriae align over ruptured follicle at ovulation
ovum enters the FT
fertilization orrurs within the lumen
blastocyct moves (ciliated epithelial cells help movement) and implants in the uterine wall
Fallopian tube non neoplastic, pre-malignant, benign, and malignant tumours?
Tubal intraepithelial carcinoma is dysplasia of the lining epithelium that can lead to malignant carcinoma.
Location of Fallopian tube tumours?
Most arise from the distal FT or the Fimbrial end
The majority arise from the epithelial lining
They are often diagnosed late
The normal uterus is composed of?
Fundus
Body
Cervix
Endometrium structure and function?
- Sits on the muscular myometrium
- Contains hormone receptors for oestrogen and progesterone
- develops and sheds under the influence of o and p
- following menopause become inactive
Oestrogen causes =
progesterone causes =
proliferation phase
secretory phase
Endometrium: non neoplastic, pre-malignant, benign, and malignant tumours?
Myometrium: non neoplastic, pre-malignant, benign, and malignant tumours?
cervix outline?
The lower narrow portion of the uterus
Protudes through into the upper vagina
Label epethelial type and name of region?
A = squamous epithelium (ectocervix)
B = endocervical canal (endocervix)
C = glandular epithelium (transformation zone)
Cervical: non neoplastic, pre-malignant, benign, and malignant tumours?
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)?
Dysplasia or intraepithelial lesion
low grade = CIN 1
High grade = CIN 2 and CIN 3
What defines it as pre-cancer
It is neoplastic (cancerous) but is confined to the epithelium so doesn’t go past the basement membrane
The epithelium doesn’t have blood vessels and so these calls can NOT metastasize
Surgical removal will CURE the patient
Development of CIN?
The grade of cancer depends on the extent of the atypia
Further mutuations may occur that allow invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma
This then has potntial to metastisize
What is HPV?
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease in both men and women worldwide
- Clinical conditions range from innocuous lesions to cancer.
- High-risk HPV types (especially HPV-16 and HPV-18) are associated with cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
Other factors that can lead to cervical cancer with HPV?
- High viral loads, HPV variants, infections with multiple high-risk HPV types and genetic predisposition
- sexual behaviour (e.g. number of sexual partners, age of first sexual activity), smoking, longterm oral contraceptive use, immunosuppression, and presence of other sexually transmitted agents
Does Sam Leary like anal?
Yes
