Lecture 5 - Foundations of Successful Teamwork Flashcards
How do we define a team?
A set of three or more persons, who interact socially, and interdependently and have a shared responsibility or common goal.
What are the three types of task interdependence?
Pooled interdependence - everyone puts individual effort to perform the task, and little to no coordination between members required. - low-level of interdependence
Sequential interdependence - one member needs to accomplish something before another member can work on their part - mid-level of interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence - One individual help the other and vice-versa - high level of interdependence
What are the three types of task interdependence?
Pooled interdependence - everyone puts individual effort to perform the task, and little to no coordination between members required. - low level of interdependence
Sequential interdependence - one member needs to accomplish something before another member can work on their part - mid-level of interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence - One individual help the other and vice-versa - high level of interdependence
What are the three types of task interdependence?
Pooled interdependence - everyone puts individual effort to perform the task, and little to no coordination between members required. - low level of interdependence
Sequential interdependence - one member needs to accomplish something before another member can work on their part - mid-level of interdependence
Reciprocal interdependence - One individual help the other and vice-versa - high level of interdependence
How do we define qualitative and quantitative interdependence?
Qualitative - how the job is done
Quantitative - the type of interdependence
What are the two outcomes of interdependence?
Cooperative - positive
Competitive - negative
What is outcome interdependence?
The team outcome is improved/deteriorated based on individual outcomes.
How do we define Hackmann’s team’s effectiveness?
Productive output - quantity, quality and timeliness
Team viability - ability to perform as a unit
Satisfaction and learning of individuals
What are the main characteristics of Hackman’s model on team effectiveness?
Broad scope of model
Difficult to implement (due to contextual factors, structure, composition of a team)
Nature of teams - existing teams, variance in skill differentiation
Outcome of interest - team effectiveness - individual output, viability
What are the main characteristics of Wolly’s model on team effectiveness?
Small scope of model
Moderately easy to implement
Focus on team performance
Ad-hoc teams, no history or future, not limited to skills differentiation;
Outcome of interest - team performance
Whose is the model of collective intelligence IQ?
Wooley and colleagues
What are the two aspects of collective intelligence? Describe them.
Balanced participation - a precondition for cognitive process gains, important to avoid motivational losses
Social sensitivity - prevents process losses in all areas, and promotes emotional and motivational process gains.
Who is the model of team effectiveness?
Hackman
What are the three main aspects of the team effectiveness model (Hackman)?
Interdependence is necessary for the team and it’s based on skill differentiation
Guidance of the team in a certain way, autonomy in terms of processes
Enabling structure - establishing norms - guidelines, task allocation, team progress tracking
What are the effects (importance) of interdependence?
Coordination - task allocation based on superior skills, time allocation, monitoring, and procedure maintenance
Motivation - free-riding, social loafing (least activity in a team), slacking - acting is reduced the larger a group is.
Cognition - Characterized by greater inclusion of partners
Emotion - social sensitivity, trust?
What is the Ringelmann Effect?
As the number of people in a team increase, the individual productivity decreases. This is due to free-riding, accountability etc.
Coordination becomes more difficult.
What is the diffusion of responsibility in teams?
Reduced likelihood to act when part of a larger group of people.
What is downward matching?
When some people work less, others decide to work less too.
What are the three motivational processes?
Social cohesion - teams’ emotional relatinoship
Task cohesion - how well a team works to achieve a common goal
Collective efficacy - shared belief in team’s capacity to effectively accomplish a task
What are the three motivational processes?
Social cohesion - willingness of members to cooperate and succeed as a team
Task cohesion - reaching team goals as individual and collective reward
Collective efficacy - shared belief in team’s capacity to effectively accomplish a task
What is collective efficacy?
Shared belief in the team’s capacity to effectively accomplish a task
Why some teams do not work? (Hackman’s theory)
Team needs to have a bound (be connected and know who is really in the team) and a direction (direction can be established by a leader/executive)
What are some misconceptions about teams?
Harmonious teams (reverse cause-and-efffect) - Teams become satisfied after achieving success and being recognized for it, not the other way around.
Smaller teams are better than bigger teams because they are easier to manage.
Team stability is important - new members need to be introduced only once in a while
What makes an effective team? (Hackman)
Deviant - someone who challenges the homogenity of a team
Satisfying internal/external clients
Strong as a unit over time
Fosters learning and growth of individuals
Quirkiness of members seen as advantage
Coaching at a team, rather than individual level
Balance between individual autonomy and collective action
