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BIOL 107 > Lecture 5- Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

steps of eukaryote evolution

A
  1. compartmentalization
  2. the endosymbiotic hypothesis
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2
Q

the endosymbiotic hypothesis explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts ______

A

arose from bacteria living inside primate eukaryote

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3
Q

the endomembrane system is a subset of organelles that are interconnected via _____ and evolved from _____

A

vesicles; membrane infolding

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4
Q

endomembrane system pathway

A

ER - golgi - lysosome/plasma membrane

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5
Q

nucleus function

A

where DNA is stored and packaged in multiple linear chromosomes

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6
Q

nucleolus function

A

site of rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly

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7
Q

nuclear envelope function

A

separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm

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8
Q

nuclear envelope structure

A

2 phospholipid bilayers and outer membrane is continuous with ER

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9
Q

Why package DNA

A

to organize and protect it

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10
Q

orders of packaging of DNA
1. nucleosome-DNA wraps around positively charged proteins called ______
2. _________- nucleus stack on top of one another facilitated by histone H1
3. ______ domains where 30nm fiber loops off a non-histone scaffold
4. mitotic chromosomes- fully condensed only in ______

A

histones; solenoid; looped; mitosis

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11
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) function

A

site of protein synthesis for proteins that functions within the endomembrane system; site of protein quality control

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12
Q

ribosomes function

A

enzymes of translation

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13
Q

ribosomes on RER are called _____

A

bound ribosomes

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14
Q

cytoplasm proteins are made with

A

free ribosomes

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15
Q

nucleoplasm proteins are made with

A

free ribosomes

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16
Q

plasma membrane proteins are made with

A

bound ribosomes

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17
Q

exported/secreted proteins are made with

A

bound ribosomes

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18
Q

free ribosomes translate ______

A

proteins with functions outside of endomembrane system

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19
Q

smooth ER function

A

ion storage, phospholipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and alcohol

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20
Q

golgi function

A

receives cargo from the ER and sorts that cargo to different destinations such as the lysosome, PM, or back to ER
- also packages cargo into vessicles

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21
Q

golgi structure

A

set of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

22
Q

cis golgi

A

receiving side

23
Q

trans golgi

A

shipping/transport side

24
Q

Vesicle trafficking

A

each cisterna remains in one place with unchanging enzymes, and the proteins move forward through the stack via vesicles that move from earlier to later cisternae (anterograde traffic)

25
Q

cisternal maturation

A

As a new cis cisterna is formed it traverses the Golgi stack, changing as it matures by accumulating medial, then trans enzymes through vesicles that move from later to earlier cisternae (retrograde traffic)

26
Q

evidence for vesicle trafficking

A

-small vesicle are associated with golgi
-there are cisternal specific enzymes

27
Q

evidence for cisternal maturation

A

molecules too big to fit in golgi
-associated vesicles can move through golgi

28
Q

lysosomes function

A

involved in the digestion of macromolecules from endocytosis
-contains many hydrolytic enzymes that function best at pH 5

29
Q

lysosomes actively pump in _____ to maintain ___ pH to protect cells from _____

A

H+; low; autophagy

30
Q

autophagy

A

the lysosome is a site of organellular recycling (reusing old and damaged cell parts)

31
Q

apoptosis

A

cell suicide by rupturing lysosomes

32
Q

Tay sachs

A

lack enzymes to digest a particular lipid causing accumulation and cell death

33
Q

organelles not in the endomembrane system

A

do not receive vesicle traffic
-mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton

34
Q

the cytoskeleton is a network of three different fibers, _____________extending throughout the cytoplasm

A

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

35
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

support. motility, and cell shape

36
Q

microtubules structure

A

polymer of tubulin
-dimer (units of tubulin)

37
Q

dimers of microtubules assemble into 13 __________ into a tube

A

protofilaments

38
Q

function of microtubules

A

compression resistant and allows movement through the use of motor proteins

39
Q

motor proteins of microtubules

A

proteins that change shape with ATP hydrolysis and generate force

40
Q

kinesin

A

positive end directed motor protein

41
Q

dynein

A

negative end directed motor protein

42
Q

microtubule function in the eukaryotic flagellum

A

used to power cell movement (sperm tail)
-whip like
-powered by ATP
-membrane bound

43
Q

microtubule function in the eukaryotic flagellum requires _____-based contraction
- uses ______ MT membrane arrangement

A

dynein; 9+2

44
Q

microtubule function in the eukaryotic flagellum

A

used to power cell movement (sperm tail)
-whip like
-powered by ATP
-membrane-bound

45
Q

microfilaments structure

A

polymer of actin that forms a twisted rope

46
Q

microfilaments function

A

tension/stretch resistant
-allows for movements such as muscular contraction and cytokinesis

47
Q

myosin

A

motor molecule of actin

48
Q

intermediate filaments structure

A

form rope-like polymers/heterogenous polymers

49
Q

the function of intermediate filaments

A

tension resistance
-not very dynamic (stable)
-no motor proteins

50
Q

lamins

A

form nuclear lamina

51
Q

keratin

A

form hair and nails

52
Q

desmin

A

provides tensile strength to desmosomes

BIOL 107 (8 decks)

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