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bio 228 > Lecture 5 B228 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 B228 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the gonads

A

secrete sex hormones, produce gametes, are the male testes and female ovaries, and are dominant until puberty

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2
Q

the male homologue to the labia majora is the…

A

scrotum

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3
Q

when is puberty initiated

A

when a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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4
Q

what is located in the anterior pituitary gland

A

primary target cells for GnRH

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5
Q

what is a diploid

A

a cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

how many chromosomes are in a gamete

A

23

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7
Q

what results in four daughter cells that are haploid

A

the process of meiosis

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8
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis produces genetically identical to the parent cell; meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell

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9
Q

what is crossing-over? where does it occur

A

double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material; meiosis

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10
Q

what does a replicated chromosome consist of

A

sister chromatids

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11
Q

what occurs prior to meiosis

A

interphase

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12
Q

when is a tetrad formed

A

when homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis

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13
Q

what is a reduction division

A

the daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

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14
Q

what is pulled apart in anaphase II

A

sister chromatids

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15
Q

what process results in daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes

A

meiosis I

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16
Q

what does a mature follicle contains

A

secondary oocyte

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17
Q

what does the corpus luteum form from

A

from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation

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18
Q

what is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood

A

primary oocytes

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19
Q

when is the volume of the antrum the largest

A

mature follicle

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20
Q

when does ovulation occure

A

when an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle

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21
Q

what do ovaries contain in a female infant

A

primary oocytes within primordial follicles

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22
Q

what is arrested in metaphase II

A

secondary ooccyte

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23
Q

how many secondary oocytes develop form each primary oocyte

A

1

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24
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

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25
Q

what does the peak in a secretion of LH induce

A

ovulation

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26
Q

what phase occurs on days 15-28

A

luteal

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27
Q

what is the infundibulum

A

lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the fimbriae

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28
Q

what encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation

A

fimbriae

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29
Q

what happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube

A

normal site of fertilization

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30
Q

what are the functions of the uterine

A

passageways for sperm, muscle contraction for labor and delivery, site of implantation, and protection and support of developing embryo

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31
Q

what is the endometrium

A

the portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer

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32
Q

what is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called

A

external os

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33
Q

what is the myometrium of the uterus composed of

A

smooth muscle

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34
Q

what is the vagina

A

serves as a birth canal

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35
Q

what happens during menstruation within the functional layer of the endometrium

A

sloughs off

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36
Q

what coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle

A

secretory phase

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37
Q

what are the phases of the uterine cycle

A

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

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38
Q

what phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle

A

secretory

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39
Q

what levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A

progesterone levels

40
Q

what is oxytocin crucial for

A

milk ejection

41
Q

what regulates the temperature of the testes

A

dartos and cremaster

42
Q

what is produced in the seminiferous tubules

A

sperm

43
Q

what secretes testosterone

A

interstitial cells in the testes

44
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

process takes place in walls of seminiferous tubules, process includes two meiotic divisions, final stage is spermiogenesis, mature spermatozoa are haploid

45
Q

what does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon

A

nuclear material

46
Q

what are the stages during spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonium, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon

47
Q

what contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte

A

acrosome cap

48
Q

how many spermatozoa untimately develop from each primary spermatocyte

A

4

49
Q

what stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men

A

LH

50
Q

how does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce…

A

more gametes that are smaller in size

51
Q

what is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature

A

spermatozoa

52
Q

what is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

53
Q

what does the prostate gland encircle

A

the urethra

54
Q

what does the seminal vesicle secrete

A

a fluid containing fructose

55
Q

what does seminal fluid contain

A

prostaglandin, citric acid, mucous, seminalplasmin

56
Q

what do bulbourethral glands produce

A

a clear, viscous muscin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

57
Q

what is semen composed of

A

seminal fluid and sperm

58
Q

what is an erection of a penis caused by

A

blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins

59
Q

what nervous system faciliates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitrous oxide

A

parasympathetic

60
Q

what determines an individuals phenotypic sex

A

the appearance of an external genitalia

61
Q

what does reducaed levels of estrogen and progesterone do

A

allow changes to occur in a womans body at menopause

62
Q

what changes are associated with aging in males

A

erectile dysfunction, impotence, decreased testosterone levels, and prostate enlargement

63
Q

what secretes anti-mullerian hormone

A

sustentacular cells

64
Q

when is the embryonic period

A

third through eight weeks of development

65
Q

what period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus

A

the blastocyst implants in the uterus

66
Q

what occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? what does is restore

A

fertilization; the diploid number of chromosomes

67
Q

what gametes remains viable for a longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract

A

sperm

68
Q

when does the oocyte release chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location

A

after ovulation

69
Q

what is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration

A

corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane

70
Q

what involves a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of the conceptus

A

mitotic

71
Q

when does cleavage occur

A

the pre embryonic period

72
Q

when is the conceptus known as morula

A

at the 16 cell stage

73
Q

what is implantation

A

process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium

74
Q

what is the syncytiotrophoblast

A

outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus

75
Q

what is human chronic gonadotropin

A

hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place

76
Q

what is secreted from cells of the syncytiotrophoblast

A

human chronic gonadotropin

77
Q

what is the yolk sac

A

an important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form

78
Q

what arises from the functional layer of the uterus

A

maternal portion of the placenta

79
Q

what is chorionic villi

A

fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal position

80
Q

what results in the formation of an embryo

A

gastrulation

81
Q

what is the endoderm

A

the primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast

82
Q

what is neurulation

A

the development of the nervous system

83
Q

when are teratogens the most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs

A

when the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo

84
Q

when is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest

A

the last two months of pregnancy

85
Q

what happens in the first trimester

A

the embryo becomes a fetus

86
Q

what trimester is months 4-6

A

second trimester

87
Q

what inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy

A

estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregancy

88
Q

what leads to stronger nails and fuller hair in a pregnant woman

A

the high levels of estrogen and progesterone

89
Q

what is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy

A

growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation

90
Q

what happens during pregnancy with a womans areola and nipples

A

they become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone in the placenta

91
Q

what is secreted from anterior pituiatry gland and its levels increase tenfold during pregnancy

A

prolactin

92
Q

when is morning sickness most common

A

first trimester

93
Q

what is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate of gases across the placenta

A

increasing respiratiion rate and lowering CO2 levels in the blood

94
Q

what does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy

A

production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus

95
Q

what are braxton-hicks contractions

A

contractions that occur during false labor

96
Q

what are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix

A

fatty acids; they dilate

bio 228 (3 decks)

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