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bio 228 > Lecture 5 B228 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 B228 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the gonads

A

secrete sex hormones, produce gametes, are the male testes and female ovaries, and are dominant until puberty

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2
Q

the male homologue to the labia majora is the…

A

scrotum

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3
Q

when is puberty initiated

A

when a region of the brain begins secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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4
Q

what is located in the anterior pituitary gland

A

primary target cells for GnRH

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5
Q

what is a diploid

A

a cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes

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6
Q

how many chromosomes are in a gamete

A

23

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7
Q

what results in four daughter cells that are haploid

A

the process of meiosis

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8
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

mitosis produces genetically identical to the parent cell; meiosis produces sex cells that are genetically different from parent cell

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9
Q

what is crossing-over? where does it occur

A

double-stranded, homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material; meiosis

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10
Q

what does a replicated chromosome consist of

A

sister chromatids

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11
Q

what occurs prior to meiosis

A

interphase

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12
Q

when is a tetrad formed

A

when homologous replicated chromosomes to pair up during meiosis

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13
Q

what is a reduction division

A

the daughter cell receive only half as many chromosomes as the parent cell had

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14
Q

what is pulled apart in anaphase II

A

sister chromatids

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15
Q

what process results in daughter cells that are haploid and contain replicated chromosomes

A

meiosis I

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16
Q

what does a mature follicle contains

A

secondary oocyte

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17
Q

what does the corpus luteum form from

A

from the remnants of the follicle following ovulation

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18
Q

what is arrested in prophase I throughout childhood

A

primary oocytes

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19
Q

when is the volume of the antrum the largest

A

mature follicle

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20
Q

when does ovulation occure

A

when an oocyte is released from a ruptured mature follicle

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21
Q

what do ovaries contain in a female infant

A

primary oocytes within primordial follicles

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22
Q

what is arrested in metaphase II

A

secondary ooccyte

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23
Q

how many secondary oocytes develop form each primary oocyte

A

1

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24
Q

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle

A

follicular, ovulation, luteal

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25
what does the peak in a secretion of LH induce
ovulation
26
what phase occurs on days 15-28
luteal
27
what is the infundibulum
lateral margin of the uterine tube which bears the fimbriae
28
what encloses the ovary at the time of ovulation
fimbriae
29
what happens at the ampulla of the uterine tube
normal site of fertilization
30
what are the functions of the uterine
passageways for sperm, muscle contraction for labor and delivery, site of implantation, and protection and support of developing embryo
31
what is the endometrium
the portion of the uterine wall that includes the basal layer
32
what is the opening of the cervix into the vagina called
external os
33
what is the myometrium of the uterus composed of
smooth muscle
34
what is the vagina
serves as a birth canal
35
what happens during menstruation within the functional layer of the endometrium
sloughs off
36
what coincides with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle
secretory phase
37
what are the phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual, proliferative, secretory
38
what phase is constant in length for the menstrual cycle
secretory
39
what levels are the highest during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
progesterone levels
40
what is oxytocin crucial for
milk ejection
41
what regulates the temperature of the testes
dartos and cremaster
42
what is produced in the seminiferous tubules
sperm
43
what secretes testosterone
interstitial cells in the testes
44
what is spermatogenesis
process takes place in walls of seminiferous tubules, process includes two meiotic divisions, final stage is spermiogenesis, mature spermatozoa are haploid
45
what does the head contain in the part of a spermatozoon
nuclear material
46
what are the stages during spermatogenesis
spermatogonium, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon
47
what contains enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte
acrosome cap
48
how many spermatozoa untimately develop from each primary spermatocyte
4
49
what stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone in men
LH
50
how does comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce...
more gametes that are smaller in size
51
what is stored in the epididymis until they are fully mature
spermatozoa
52
what is the order in which sperm passes through these structures from the testes to the penis
epididymis, ductus deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra
53
what does the prostate gland encircle
the urethra
54
what does the seminal vesicle secrete
a fluid containing fructose
55
what does seminal fluid contain
prostaglandin, citric acid, mucous, seminalplasmin
56
what do bulbourethral glands produce
a clear, viscous muscin to serve as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
57
what is semen composed of
seminal fluid and sperm
58
what is an erection of a penis caused by
blood filling the erectile bodies and compressing the veins
59
what nervous system faciliates increased blood flow to the penis by facilitating local release of nitrous oxide
parasympathetic
60
what determines an individuals phenotypic sex
the appearance of an external genitalia
61
what does reducaed levels of estrogen and progesterone do
allow changes to occur in a womans body at menopause
62
what changes are associated with aging in males
erectile dysfunction, impotence, decreased testosterone levels, and prostate enlargement
63
what secretes anti-mullerian hormone
sustentacular cells
64
when is the embryonic period
third through eight weeks of development
65
what period ends when the blastocyst implants in the uterus
the blastocyst implants in the uterus
66
what occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube? what does is restore
fertilization; the diploid number of chromosomes
67
what gametes remains viable for a longer time after it enters the female reproductive tract
sperm
68
when does the oocyte release chemotaxic signals to attract sperm to its location
after ovulation
69
what is the order of structures through which the sperm penetrates filtration
corona radiata, zona pellucida, oocyte plasma membrane
70
what involves a series of mitotic divisions and has no change in the overall size of the conceptus
mitotic
71
when does cleavage occur
the pre embryonic period
72
when is the conceptus known as morula
at the 16 cell stage
73
what is implantation
process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium
74
what is the syncytiotrophoblast
outer layer of the trophoblast that burrows into the lining of the uterus
75
what is human chronic gonadotropin
hormone that signals that fertilization and implantation have taken place
76
what is secreted from cells of the syncytiotrophoblast
human chronic gonadotropin
77
what is the yolk sac
an important site for early blood cell formation and is the first of the extraembryonic membranes to form
78
what arises from the functional layer of the uterus
maternal portion of the placenta
79
what is chorionic villi
fingerlike structures of the placenta that form from its fetal position
80
what results in the formation of an embryo
gastrulation
81
what is the endoderm
the primary germ layer that takes the place of the hypoblast
82
what is neurulation
the development of the nervous system
83
when are teratogens the most damaging to organ systems if exposure to them occurs
when the organ systems are undergoing peak development in the embryo
84
when is the increase in weight of the conceptus largest
the last two months of pregnancy
85
what happens in the first trimester
the embryo becomes a fetus
86
what trimester is months 4-6
second trimester
87
what inhibits FSH and LH secretion and thereby arrest ovarian follicle development during pregnancy
estrogen and progesterone from the placenta during pregancy
88
what leads to stronger nails and fuller hair in a pregnant woman
the high levels of estrogen and progesterone
89
what is brought about by secretion of progesterone during pregnancy
growth of the functional layer and prevention of menstruation
90
what happens during pregnancy with a womans areola and nipples
they become darker under the influence of melanocyte stimulating hormone in the placenta
91
what is secreted from anterior pituiatry gland and its levels increase tenfold during pregnancy
prolactin
92
when is morning sickness most common
first trimester
93
what is the hormonal and neural change during pregnancy function to facilitate of gases across the placenta
increasing respiratiion rate and lowering CO2 levels in the blood
94
what does estrogen stimulate increase in the late stages of pregnancy
production of oxytocin receptors in the uterus
95
what are braxton-hicks contractions
contractions that occur during false labor
96
what are prostaglandins and what do they do to the cervix
fatty acids; they dilate

bio 228 (3 decks)

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