Lecture 3 test

Question 1

What are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi

Question 2

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

gas exchange, air passage, odor detection

Question 3

What happens when the body is exposed to irritants?

Answer 3

mucous production increases

Question 4

What increases the viscosity of mucus and what does that do?

Answer 4

mucin, facilitate the trapping of dust and dirt particles

Question 5

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 5

maxilla, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

Question 6

What structures are shared between the respiratory and digestive system?

Answer 6

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 7

What is the larynx known as?

Answer 7

voice box

Question 8

What structures does the larynx connect?

Answer 8

pharynx to trachea

Question 9

What are the functions of the larynx?

Answer 9

prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound

Question 10

Why are men’s voices lower?

Answer 10

longer and thicker vocal cords

Question 11

What structures does the trachea connect?

Answer 11

larynx to primary bronchi

Question 12

What does the C-shaped cartilaginous rings do?

Answer 12

prevents trachea from collapsing, supporting

Question 13

What tissue lines the trachea?

Answer 13

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 14

Where are foreign particles more likely to lodge in?

Answer 14

right primary bronchus

Question 15

What are the parts of the respiratory zone?

Answer 15

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Pulmonary alveoli

Question 16

What do alveolar type I cells make up most of?

Answer 16

alveolar wall

Question 17

What do alveolar type II cells secrete?

Answer 17

pulmonary surfactant

Question 18

What are the phagocytic cells of the alveolus called?

Answer 18

alveolar macrophages

Question 19

What is the difference between the right and left lung?

Answer 19

the right lung is larger and wider

Question 20

What type of blood does bronchial arteries carry to the tissues of the lung?

Answer 20

oxygenated

Question 21

What results in bronchodilation?

Answer 21

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue

Question 22

What lines the internal thoracic wall? What covers the lung?

Answer 22

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Question 23

Why do lungs remain inflated?

Answer 23

Intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 24

What are the events for gas exchange?

Answer 24

O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation
O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system
Cells will use O2 to generate CO2
The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs
CO2 is exhaled

Question 25

What does Boyle Law state?

Answer 25

The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of its container increases

Question 26

Why does air flow out of the body during expiration?

Answer 26

Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

Question 27

What is regulated in the brain stem?

Answer 27

The involuntary rhythmic activities that deliver and remote respiratory gases

Question 28

When does the medullary respiratory center trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing?

Answer 28

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 29

What is pneumothorax?

Answer 29

Air gets trapped in visceral and parietal pleura

Question 30

How is airflow related to the pressure gradient? What about resistance?

Answer 30

Airflow is directly related to pressure gradient Resistance is going to be inversely related

Question 31

What does pulmonary fibrosis do?

Answer 31

Decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow

Question 32

What happens during expiration?

Answer 32

Increases the pressure in thoracic cavity Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 33

What does a buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia lead to?

Answer 33

increase in physiologic dead space

Question 34

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 34

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration

Question 35

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg? Sea level is 760 mm Hg

Answer 35

PO2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level

Question 36

How does oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli compare to its partial pressure in the atmosphere?

Answer 36

lower

Question 37

What do systemic cells have a high partial pressure of?

Answer 37

CO2

Question 38

What does it mean when oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water?

Answer 38

It is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water

Question 39

What is pulmonary gas exchange?

Answer 39

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the lungs

Question 40

What is the pulmonary gas exchange of oxygen?

Answer 40

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen

Question 41

What makes pulmonary gas exchange so efficient in the respiratory membrane?

Answer 41

large surf area and minimal thickness

Question 42

When do bronchioles dilate?

Answer 42

increase in parietal pressure of CO2

Question 43

When do pulmonary arterioles dilate? What does it alter to make gas exchange more efficient?

Answer 43

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen Perfusion

Question 44

What happens to the partial pressure oxygen in blood as blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells?

Answer 44

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules

Question 45

What is the difference between pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange?

Answer 45

In pulmonary gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in tissue gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood

Question 46

What type of solubility coefficient does oxygen have in water?

Answer 46

low

Question 47

What percent of oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

Answer 47

98%

Question 48

Where does the 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries do?

Answer 48

Combine with water to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

Question 49

What does hemoglobin transport?

Answer 49

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions

Question 50

What happens during hyperventilation?

Answer 50

Oxygen levels do not change, carbon dioxide levels fall (drop)

Question 51

What can hypoventilation cause?

Answer 51

hypoxia and respiratory acidosis

Question 52

What type of solubility coefficient does oxygen have? WHat does it require?

Answer 52

Low Partial pressure gradient to help diffuse gas into the blood

Question 53

An individual with emphysema provides poor gas exchange due to the loss of alveolar walls. This exemplifies the need for a large ____ for efficient gas exchange?

Answer 53

respiratory membrane surface area

Question 54

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Answer 54

Absorption Ingestion Secretion Elimination

Question 55

What organs are a part of the GI tract?

Answer 55

Esophagus Oral cavity Large intestine Stomach Small intestine

Question 56

What organs are the accessory digestive organ?

Answer 56

teeth, tongue, pancreas, salivary glands

Question 57

What is peristalsis?

Answer 57

Alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through tract

Question 58

What happens at the oral cavity?

Answer 58

Site of both chemical and mechanical digestion

Question 59

What tissue lines the majority of the oral cavity?

Answer 59

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

Question 60

What allows for absorption and secretion in the lining of the GI tract?

Answer 60

simple columnar

Question 61

What does the small intestine secrete?

Answer 61

secretin

Question 62

What is cholecystokinin? What releases it?

Answer 62

hormone, SI

Question 63

What is the primary digestive system hormone?

Answer 63

gastrin

Question 64

What is amylase?

Answer 64

enzyme found within saliva

Question 65

What is mastication?

Answer 65

Facilitates the swallowing of food→ it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes

Question 66

What is papillae?

Answer 66

House the taste buds Projections on the superior surface of the tongue

Question 67

Why is there a sweet taste in your mouth after chewing on a starchy morsel?

Answer 67

salivary amylase activity

Question 68

How many deciduous teeth are there? What type of teeth are they?

Answer 68

20, milk teeth

Question 69

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

Answer 69

directly covers the surface of internal organs

Question 70

What is the order of structures from the most superficial to the deepest?

Answer 70

Parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, and visceral peritoneum

Question 71

What is the order of the layers of the GI tract wall (innermost to outermost)?

Answer 71

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis adventitia/serosa

Question 72

What does the submucosa and muscularis of the GI tract contain?

Answer 72

nerve plexus

Question 73

What is the cardiac sphincter?

Answer 73

inferior esophageal sphincter

Question 74

What would interfere with the passage of chyme into the duodenum?

Answer 74

constriction of pyloric sphincter

Question 75

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 75

gastric gland that secretes acid

Question 76

What secretes pepsinogen?

Answer 76

chief cells

Question 77

What changes a bolus into chyme?

Answer 77

gastric mixing

Question 78

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

Answer 78

involves thought, smell, and sight of food

Question 79

What triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 79

gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion

Question 80

What is segmentation?

Answer 80

Within the small intestine and refers to the back and fourth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions

Question 81

Where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 81

stomach

Question 82

What is the order of regions of the small intestine from beginning to end?

Answer 82

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 83

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

Answer 83

vagus nerve

Question 84

What stimulates the small intestine to release CCK? What does it cause?

Answer 84

Presence of fatty chyme in the the SI Causes gallbladder to release bile

Question 85

What digests starch?

Answer 85

amylase

Question 86

What is initiated by the enzyme pepsin?

Answer 86

digestion of protein

Question 87

When does pepsin become active?

Answer 87

when pH is low

Question 88

What is an inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach?

Answer 88

pepsinogen