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bio 228 > Lecture 3 test > Flashcards

Lecture 3 test Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the parts of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavity, trachea, larynx, bronchi

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2
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange, air passage, odor detection

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3
Q

What happens when the body is exposed to irritants?

A

mucous production increases

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4
Q

What increases the viscosity of mucus and what does that do?

A

mucin, facilitate the trapping of dust and dirt particles

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5
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses?

A

maxilla, frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone

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6
Q

What structures are shared between the respiratory and digestive system?

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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7
Q

What is the larynx known as?

A

voice box

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8
Q

What structures does the larynx connect?

A

pharynx to trachea

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9
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A

prevents food and drink from entering the trachea, conducts air, and produces sound

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10
Q

Why are men’s voices lower?

A

longer and thicker vocal cords

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11
Q

What structures does the trachea connect?

A

larynx to primary bronchi

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12
Q

What does the C-shaped cartilaginous rings do?

A

prevents trachea from collapsing, supporting

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13
Q

What tissue lines the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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14
Q

Where are foreign particles more likely to lodge in?

A

right primary bronchus

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15
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Pulmonary alveoli

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16
Q

What do alveolar type I cells make up most of?

A

alveolar wall

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17
Q

What do alveolar type II cells secrete?

A

pulmonary surfactant

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18
Q

What are the phagocytic cells of the alveolus called?

A

alveolar macrophages

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19
Q

What is the difference between the right and left lung?

A

the right lung is larger and wider

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20
Q

What type of blood does bronchial arteries carry to the tissues of the lung?

A

oxygenated

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21
Q

What results in bronchodilation?

A

Activation of sympathetic nerves that innervate lung tissue

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22
Q

What lines the internal thoracic wall? What covers the lung?

A

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

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23
Q

Why do lungs remain inflated?

A

Intrapleural pressure is less than intrapulmonary pressure

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24
Q

What are the events for gas exchange?

A

O2 is drawn into the lungs during inhalation
O2 is transported to cells by circulatory system
Cells will use O2 to generate CO2
The circulatory system transports CO2 to the lungs
CO2 is exhaled

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25
Q

What does Boyle Law state?

A

The pressure of a gas decreases if the volume of its container increases

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26
Q

Why does air flow out of the body during expiration?

A

Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure

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27
Q

What is regulated in the brain stem?

A

The involuntary rhythmic activities that deliver and remote respiratory gases

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28
Q

When does the medullary respiratory center trigger an increase in rate and depth of breathing?

A

When central chemoreceptors detect a drop in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air gets trapped in visceral and parietal pleura

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30
Q

How is airflow related to the pressure gradient? What about resistance?

A

Airflow is directly related to pressure gradient
Resistance is going to be inversely related

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31
Q

What does pulmonary fibrosis do?

A

Decreases elasticity, thereby increasing resistance and decreasing airflow

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32
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

Increases the pressure in thoracic cavity
Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals

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33
Q

What does a buildup of fluid in the lungs caused by pneumonia lead to?

A

increase in physiologic dead space

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34
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration

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35
Q

Compared to its partial pressure at sea level, what would be the partial pressure of oxygen at an altitude with an atmospheric pressure of only 380 mm Hg? Sea level is 760 mm Hg

A

PO2 would be half as much as it would be at sea level

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36
Q

How does oxygen’s partial pressure in the alveoli compare to its partial pressure in the atmosphere?

A

lower

37
Q

What do systemic cells have a high partial pressure of?

A

CO2

38
Q

What does it mean when oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water?

A

It is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water

39
Q

What is pulmonary gas exchange?

A

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the lungs

40
Q

What is the pulmonary gas exchange of oxygen?

A

Oxygen diffuses from the alveolus to the blood because the alveolus has a higher partial pressure of oxygen

41
Q

What makes pulmonary gas exchange so efficient in the respiratory membrane?

A

large surf area and minimal thickness

42
Q

When do bronchioles dilate?

A

increase in parietal pressure of CO2

43
Q

When do pulmonary arterioles dilate? What does it alter to make gas exchange more efficient?

A

An increase in the partial pressure of oxygen
Perfusion

44
Q

What happens to the partial pressure oxygen in blood as blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells?

A

The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules

45
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary gas exchange and tissue gas exchange?

A

In pulmonary gas exchange oxygen diffuses into the blood, but in tissue gas exchange it diffuses out of the blood

46
Q

What type of solubility coefficient does oxygen have in water?

A

low

47
Q

What percent of oxygen in blood is transported by the hemoglobin of erythrocytes?

A

98%

48
Q

Where does the 70% of the CO2 that diffuses into systemic capillaries do?

A

Combine with water to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

49
Q

What does hemoglobin transport?

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions

50
Q

What happens during hyperventilation?

A

Oxygen levels do not change, carbon dioxide levels fall (drop)

51
Q

What can hypoventilation cause?

A

hypoxia and respiratory acidosis

52
Q

What type of solubility coefficient does oxygen have? WHat does it require?

A

Low
Partial pressure gradient to help diffuse gas into the blood

53
Q

An individual with emphysema provides poor gas exchange due to the loss of alveolar walls. This exemplifies the need for a large ____ for efficient gas exchange?

A

respiratory membrane surface area

54
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A

Absorption
Ingestion
Secretion
Elimination

55
Q

What organs are a part of the GI tract?

A

Esophagus
Oral cavity
Large intestine
Stomach
Small intestine

56
Q

What organs are the accessory digestive organ?

A

teeth, tongue, pancreas, salivary glands

57
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through tract

58
Q

What happens at the oral cavity?

A

Site of both chemical and mechanical digestion

59
Q

What tissue lines the majority of the oral cavity?

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

60
Q

What allows for absorption and secretion in the lining of the GI tract?

A

simple columnar

61
Q

What does the small intestine secrete?

A

secretin

62
Q

What is cholecystokinin? What releases it?

A

hormone, SI

63
Q

What is the primary digestive system hormone?

A

gastrin

64
Q

What is amylase?

A

enzyme found within saliva

65
Q

What is mastication?

A

Facilitates the swallowing of food→ it increases the surface area of the food for exposure to enzymes

66
Q

What is papillae?

A

House the taste buds
Projections on the superior surface of the tongue

67
Q

Why is there a sweet taste in your mouth after chewing on a starchy morsel?

A

salivary amylase activity

68
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there? What type of teeth are they?

A

20, milk teeth

69
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum cover?

A

directly covers the surface of internal organs

70
Q

What is the order of structures from the most superficial to the deepest?

A

Parietal peritoneum, peritoneal cavity, and visceral peritoneum

71
Q

What is the order of the layers of the GI tract wall (innermost to outermost)?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
adventitia/serosa

72
Q

What does the submucosa and muscularis of the GI tract contain?

A

nerve plexus

73
Q

What is the cardiac sphincter?

A

inferior esophageal sphincter

74
Q

What would interfere with the passage of chyme into the duodenum?

A

constriction of pyloric sphincter

75
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

gastric gland that secretes acid

76
Q

What secretes pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

77
Q

What changes a bolus into chyme?

A

gastric mixing

78
Q

What is the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

involves thought, smell, and sight of food

79
Q

What triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter?

A

gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion

80
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Within the small intestine and refers to the back and fourth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions

81
Q

Where does protein digestion begin?

A

stomach

82
Q

What is the order of regions of the small intestine from beginning to end?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

83
Q

What stimulates the release of pancreatic juice?

A

vagus nerve

84
Q

What stimulates the small intestine to release CCK? What does it cause?

A

Presence of fatty chyme in the the SI
Causes gallbladder to release bile

85
Q

What digests starch?

A

amylase

86
Q

What is initiated by the enzyme pepsin?

A

digestion of protein

87
Q

When does pepsin become active?

A

when pH is low

88
Q

What is an inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach?

A

pepsinogen

bio 228 (3 decks)

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