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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture 5 and 6: Nervous System Organization and Glial Anatomy > Flashcards

Lecture 5 and 6: Nervous System Organization and Glial Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the overall basic function of the nervous system?

A

receiving information about the environment (sensation) and generating and transmitting responses to that information (motor responses)

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2
Q

the nervous system can be divided into 3 functional regions responsible for:

A
  1. sensation (sensory function )
  2. response (motor function)
  3. integration (cognition)
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3
Q

what are stimuli for each of the *big 5 senses?

A
  1. smell - chemical substances
  2. taste - chemical substances
  3. touch - physical or mechanical stimuli (ie temp or texture)
  4. sight - light
  5. hearing - soundwaves and physical stimuli (ie vibrations)
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4
Q

what is visceral sensory stimuli?

A

stimuli that is sensed by the internal organs/fluid

-osmolarity
-pH
-elasticity

ex. chemoreceptors sense a change in fluid
mechanoreceptors sense changes n elasticity

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5
Q

stimuli that are received by sensory structures are then processed by the_______ through a process called________

A

nervous system , integration

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6
Q

once sensory stimuli are taken in, what happens during integration?

A

stimuli are compared or “integrated” with other stimuli and memories of other stimuli, emotional or physiological state of the person, etc. lead to a specific response

ex. a batter in a baseball game. When you see the pitch, you dont automatically swing, you look at the pitch decide what to do and then you swing

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7
Q

why are the complexities of processing important?

A

they allow us to tailor responses to specific stimuli

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8
Q

what is the CNS made up of?

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
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9
Q

what is the PNS made up of?

A
  1. ganglion
  2. nerves
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10
Q

what does the CNS do?

A

is the control center of the body/brain

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11
Q

what does the brain do

I mean obv it does a lot of things but like generally

A

-comes up with responses to stimuli, emotions, memory, and communication

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12
Q

what does the spinal cord do?

A

sends motor commands from the brain to the periphery and also relays information from the periphery back to the brain

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13
Q

what does the PNS do?

A

processes internal and external environment changes

then sends that information to the CNS and receives info from the CNS

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14
Q

what is the organization of the PNS?

look at chart in notes :)

A

Input:
-afferent signals go back to the brain
-includes the
1. somatic senses
2. special senses
3. visceral senses

Output:
-efferent signals come from the brain
1. autonomic
2. somatic

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15
Q

what are the somatic senses?

A

Information from:
-skin
-muscles
-joints
-temp
-pain
-touch
-etc

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16
Q

what are the special senses?

A

-taste
-smell
-hearing
-sight

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17
Q

what is the autonomic part of the PNS?

A

divided in 2 parts:

  1. sympathetic: fight or flight
  2. parasympathetic: rest and digest

both: heart muscles, smooth muscles, glands, GI tract

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18
Q

what is the somatic part of the PNS?

A

control over skeletal muscles

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19
Q

what are the basic functions of neurons?

A

-neurons are the basic functional unit of the CNS

-in charge of:
1. receiving integral information
2. communicating that information to TARGETS

targets can be tissues, other neurons, glands, etc.

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20
Q

what are the basic functions of glial cells? (aka neurological cells)

A

-glial cells support neurons chemically and physically
-they support structure and processes of the neuron

**glial means glue,, they hold neurons together

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21
Q

what are the major parts of the neuron?

make sure you can label and understand the diagraming of the different parts

A
  1. cell membrane
    2.dendrites
  2. cell body
  3. axon
  4. axon hillock
  5. node of ranvier
  6. glial cell
  7. myelin
  8. axon terminal
  9. synaptic end bulbs
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22
Q

know the up close diagram of the dendrite and how logan gated channels and g protein receptors work

this is the quick and dirty explanation :)

A

:)

ligan gated channels both EPSPs and IPSPs come into contact with certain neurotransmitters from other neurons and then open up letting positive or negative ions respectively into the cell

g-protein receptors are a transmembrane protein which a membrane will bind to and communicate with other cells
(can also be excitatory or inhibitory)

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23
Q

dendrites contain two ligan gated functions that operate like________ with _____________

A

a door and key , neurotransmitters

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24
Q

what are the two major types of ligan gated channels?

A
  1. EPSPs- allow neurotransmitters to bind to the channel and allow POSITIVE IONS to enter the cell
    (makes the Em more positive)
  2. IPSPs- allows neurotransmitters to bind to the channel and allow NEGATIVE IONS to enter the cell
    (makes the Em more negative)
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25
Q

what are g protein receptors?

A

g-protein receptors are a transmembrane protein which a membrane will bind to and communicate with other cells

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26
Q

what are the functions of the axon?

A
  1. conduct action potentials
  2. transport:
    (kinesin and dynein)
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27
Q

what is kinesin?

A

a protein transported from the cell body and down the axon to the axon terminal

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28
Q

what is dynein?

A

a protein transported from the axon terminal up the axon and to the cell body

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29
Q

what is myelin?

A

an insulating, lipid rich sheath that surrounds the axon of a neuron

facilitates faster electrical transmission via saltatory conduction

conserves energy for the axon

**not all neurons are myelinated
**some diseases (like MS) can lead to demyelination

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30
Q

what are the structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. pseudounipolar
  2. multipolar
  3. bipolar
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31
Q

what is a pseudounipolar neuron?

A

-one process emerging from the cell body
-very long
-exclusively sensory neurons

32
Q

what is a bipolar neuron?

A

-2 processes from the soma
-uncommon type
-responsible for special senses

33
Q

what is a multipolar neuron?

A

-had 3 or more dendrites
-all of the other neurons that aren’t pseudounipolar or bipolar

34
Q

what are the functional classifications of neurons?

A
  1. sensory: go from the PNS to the CNS
  2. motor: go from the CNS to the PNS
  3. interneurons: connect the neurons, between both like a bridge in the spinal cord
35
Q

what are the 6 main types of glial cells? Which ones are in the CNS, which ones are in the PNS?

-look at photo(s) for labeling!!!

A

CNS:
1. Microglia
2. astrocytes
3. ependymal
4. oligodendrocytes
PNS:
5. satellite cells
6. schwann cells

36
Q

what are microglia?

A

type of glia cell in the CNS

-ingest and digest pathogens in the body through phagocytosis
-are confined to the CNS

(cells that do this function in other parts of the body are called macrophages

37
Q

what are astrocytes?

A

type of glia cell in the CNS

-contribute to the blood brain barrier
-maintain extracellular fluid chemical balance
-remove excess neurotransmitters
-act as glycogen reserves

-astrocytes secrete GROWTH FACTORS which stimulate endothelial cells to make receptor tighten and keep bad shit out

**look at drawing

38
Q

what are ependymal cells?

A

type of glia cell in the CNS

-generate cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood
-considered a component of the blood brain barrier

39
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

-myelinate axons in the CNS and cranial nerve II
-they are able to myelinate 30 to 60 axons
-however they CANNOT regenerate

40
Q

what are satellite cells?

A

type of glia cell in the PNS

-surround the cell bodies of neurons, similar support functions to astrocytes except they don’t contribute to the blood brain barrier

-provide cushion to the cell body

41
Q

what are schwann cells?

A

-contribute to myelination in the PNS, spinal nerves, and cranial nerves 3-12)
-different from oligodendrocytes because they are at a 1 to 1 ratio with axons

42
Q

astrocytes in the CNS are to what in the PNS?

A

satellite cells

they both offer support

43
Q

oligodendrocytes in the CNS are to what in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

-they both insulate and myelinate

44
Q

how does the terminology for a “localized collection of neuron cell bodies” differ from the CNS to the PNS?

A

CNS-nucleus
PNS-ganglion

45
Q

how does the terminology for “a bundle of axon” differ from the CNS to the PNS?

A

CNS-tract
PNS-nerve

46
Q

what is gray matter?

A

nervous tissue regions with many cell bodies and dendrites

**not necessarily gray in color

47
Q

what is the function of gray matter?

A

to receive information and regulate outgoing information

48
Q

where is gray matter in the brain?

A

forms the outer layer and the inner nuclei

49
Q

where is gray matter in the spinal cord?

A

the inner layer

50
Q

what is white matter?

A

nervous tissue with many axons

**white in color due to the presence of myelin sheaths

51
Q

what is the function of white matter?

A

to transmit signals to other regions of the body

52
Q

what is a disease of gray matter?

A

Alzheimer’s (degenerative)

53
Q

what are the 3 layers that cover the brain called?

A

meninges

54
Q

what are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

SKULL
dura
arachnoid
pia
BRAIN

dap me up

55
Q

what does the dura do?

A

adheres the brain and spinal cord to bone

made up of dense connective tissue

56
Q

what does the arachnoid do?

A

is involved in cerebrospinal fluid metabolism

57
Q

what does the pia do?

A

is the thin sheath around blood vessels which contours to the brains wrinkles

58
Q

what are the 4 major regions of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brainstem
  4. Cerebellum
59
Q

What makes up the cerebrum?

A

-the cerebral cortex
-the corpus callosum
-the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
-special areas

60
Q

the cerebrum makes up____________

A

most of the mass of the brain

61
Q

the cerebral cortex

A

-is the wrinkled outer layer of the brain

wrinkles-gyri (gyrus)
crevices-sulci (sulcus)

-made up of gray matter
-separated by a fissure into ight and left hemispheres

62
Q

the corpus callosum

A

-made up of white matter deep in the cerebrum
-communication pathway between the hemispheres

-sensory information from the right side of the body received by the left hemisphere and is passed to the right by the CC and vice versa

63
Q

the frontal lobe

A

-executive functioning:
-emotional regulation
-problem solving
-motor control
-smell
-personality

64
Q

the parietal lobe

A

touch, temp, and pain sensing

65
Q

the temporal lobe

A

hearing, memory and emotion, language processing

66
Q

the occipital lobe

A

visual information processing

67
Q

what are the two special areas located in the cerebrum?

A
  1. Broca’s area- In the LEFT hemisphere. Involved in speech production and articulation.

Damage results in: expressive aphasia

  1. Wernicke’s area- in the LEFT hemisphere. Involve din language comprehension and speech production

Damage results in: receptive aphasia

68
Q

what is the diencephalon?

A

**name means “through brain”

-connects the cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system with 1 exception:
-does everything except for
olfaction (smell)

69
Q

what are the two major regions of the diencephalon?

A
  1. thalamus
    2.hypothalamus
70
Q

the thalamus

A

-collection of nuclei that pass and process information between the cerebral cortex and the PNS/spinal cord/brainstem

-all sensory information BUT SMELL passes through the thalamus before it reaches the cortex

71
Q

the hypothalamus

A

-the executive region of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system through the regulation of the pituitary gland

-also involved in memory and emotion

72
Q

the brainstem

A

-made up of the midbrain and hindbrain (pons and medulla)

-cranial nerves connect through the brainstem and major ascending and descending pathways pass through the brainstem

73
Q

the midbrain

A

-responsible for pain modulation and motor movement (primarily of the eye)
-houses many nuclei

74
Q

the pons

A

-houses many important nuclei for the regulation of balance and breathing

75
Q

the medulla

A

-the connection between the brainstem and spinal cord
-modulates cardiorespiratory functions, various sensory functions and information (pain/temp/pressure) and vomiting

76
Q

the cerebelllum

A

-the “little brain”
-is covered in gyri like the cerebrum
-primarily compares information from the cerebrum with peripheral sensory feedback through the spinal cord
-plays an important role in voluntary motor movement and balance

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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