Lecture 1: Body Plan and Organization

Question 1

what is anatomy?

Answer 1

the scientific study of the structures of the body

Question 2

anatomy is split into two subtypes, what are they?

Answer 2

1. gross anatomy: larger structures, visible to the naked eye
2. Micro anatomy: structures visible with the aid of magnification

Question 3

what is physiology?

Answer 3

the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and how they work together

(largely focuses on homeostasis)

Question 4

What are the 6 major levels of organization in the human body?

Answer 4

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organismal

Question 5

why do we use levels of organization?

Answer 5

it allows us to be specific about A & P

if you said how do the lungs function it may be hard to answer if you don’t know the level you need to describe

Question 6

the chemical level

Answer 6

-the smallest building block are atoms
-atoms bond to form molecules
-molecules are the basis of all body structures

Question 7

the cellular level

Answer 7

-cells are the smallest independently functioning unit of the body
-nearly all physiological processes happen in or are initiated by cells

Question 8

the tissue level

Answer 8

-a collection of similar cell types that perform specific functions

Question 9

the organ level

Answer 9

-organs are made up of 2 or more tissue types and they perform specific functions

Question 10

the organ system level

Answer 10

-organ systems are a group of organs that work together to meet the bodys physiological needs

Question 11

the organismal level

Answer 11

-organ systems work together to perform the functions of an organism

Question 12

what are the 4 major biomolecules and what level are they involved on?

Answer 12

1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleotides and nucleic acids

they are involved on the chemical level

Question 13

what is a biomolecule?

Answer 13

an essential organic molecule in maintaining the life of an organism

Question 14

carbohydrates

Answer 14

-made of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-structure: chains (the chain length determines the type of carb

Question 15

what are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?

Answer 15

1. monosaccharides: simple sugars which are read and easily used energy sources for cells. They have the smallest chain length (ex. glucose)
2. disaccharides: 2 monos together (ex. sucrose) medium chain length
3. Polysaccharides: many saccharides aka complex carbs, used to store energy in cells (ex. glycogen)

Question 16

lipids

Answer 16

-made of carbon and hydrogen
-have 3 subtypes

Question 17

what are the 3 subtypes of lipids?

Answer 17

1. triglycerides: the most abundant and concentrated energy source in the body
2. phospholipids: covered later
3. Steroids: particularly cholesterol, contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane, are an important building block for things like vitamin D, bile salts, and hormones

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

-made up of amino acids (N, C, H, O)
-over 50% of the body’s organic matter
-complete a variety of functions

Question 19

what are the main functions of proteins?

Answer 19

1. structural: form structural components of tissues and bones
2. Enzymes: biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions
3. Hormones
4. Transport
5. Motor: there are special proteins that’re involved in movement

Question 20

nucleotides and nucleic acids

Answer 20

-DNA and RNA which make genes and proteins (N, C, H ,O)
-are the basis of life
-are relevant in disease states

Question 21

most organs contribute to….

Answer 21

more that one system

Question 22

what are the 6 organ systems we will study this semester?

Answer 22

1. Nervous System
2. Integumentary System
3. Skeletal System
4. Muscular System
5. Digestive System
6. Urinary System

Question 23

Broadly what does the nervous system do?

Answer 23

detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses

Question 24

Broadly what does the integumentary system do?

Answer 24

(made up of the hair, skin, and nails)
encloses all internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors

Question 25

broadly what does the skeletal system do?

Answer 25

supports the body and aids in movement with the help of the muscular system

Question 26

Broadly what does the muscular system do?

Answer 26

Enables movement with the help of the skeletal system and maintains body temperature

Question 27

broadly what does the digestive system do?

Answer 27

breaks down and processes food for use, and gets rid of waste from undigested food

Question 28

broadly what does the urinary system do?

Answer 28

rids the body of waste from the bloodstream, and controls water balance in the body

Question 29

what is important to know about left and right

Answer 29

when looking AT something they are flipped

R | L

Question 30

what does superior or cranial mean?

Answer 30

upper or above/toward the head

ex. the shoulder is superior to the elbow

Question 31

what does inferior mean?

Answer 31

lower or below

ex. the foot is inferior to the knee

Question 32

what does anterior/ventral mean?

Answer 32

front

ex. the kneecap is on the anterior/ventral side of the leg

Question 33

what does posterior/dorsal mean?

Answer 33

back

ex.) the shoulder blades are on the dorsal side of the trunk

my ass is on the posterior side of my body

Question 34

what does medial mean?

Answer 34

toward the midline of the body

ex. the thumb is on the medial side of the hand

Question 35

what does lateral mean?

Answer 35

away from the midline of the body

ex. the pinky is on the lateral side of the hand

Question 36

what does proximal mean?

Answer 36

toward or nearest the trunk of the point of origin of the part

ex. the proximal end of the thigh bone is at the hip

Question 37

what does distal mean?

Answer 37

away or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin for the part

ex. the hand is located at the distal end of the arm

Question 38

what are the three anatomical planes?

Answer 38

1. sagittal: divides the body or organ vertically into left and right sides
2. frontal/coronal: divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior sides
3. transverse: divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions