Lecture 1: Body Plan and Organization Flashcards
what is anatomy?
the scientific study of the structures of the body
anatomy is split into two subtypes, what are they?
- gross anatomy: larger structures, visible to the naked eye
- Micro anatomy: structures visible with the aid of magnification
what is physiology?
the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and how they work together
(largely focuses on homeostasis)
What are the 6 major levels of organization in the human body?
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organismal
why do we use levels of organization?
it allows us to be specific about A & P
if you said how do the lungs function it may be hard to answer if you don’t know the level you need to describe
the chemical level
-the smallest building block are atoms
-atoms bond to form molecules
-molecules are the basis of all body structures
the cellular level
-cells are the smallest independently functioning unit of the body
-nearly all physiological processes happen in or are initiated by cells
the tissue level
-a collection of similar cell types that perform specific functions
the organ level
-organs are made up of 2 or more tissue types and they perform specific functions
the organ system level
-organ systems are a group of organs that work together to meet the bodys physiological needs
the organismal level
-organ systems work together to perform the functions of an organism
what are the 4 major biomolecules and what level are they involved on?
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleotides and nucleic acids
they are involved on the chemical level
what is a biomolecule?
an essential organic molecule in maintaining the life of an organism
carbohydrates
-made of: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-structure: chains (the chain length determines the type of carb
what are the three subtypes of carbohydrates?
- monosaccharides: simple sugars which are read and easily used energy sources for cells. They have the smallest chain length (ex. glucose)
- disaccharides: 2 monos together (ex. sucrose) medium chain length
- Polysaccharides: many saccharides aka complex carbs, used to store energy in cells (ex. glycogen)
lipids
-made of carbon and hydrogen
-have 3 subtypes
what are the 3 subtypes of lipids?
- triglycerides: the most abundant and concentrated energy source in the body
- phospholipids: covered later
- Steroids: particularly cholesterol, contribute to the fluidity of the cell membrane, are an important building block for things like vitamin D, bile salts, and hormones
Proteins
-made up of amino acids (N, C, H, O)
-over 50% of the body’s organic matter
-complete a variety of functions
what are the main functions of proteins?
- structural: form structural components of tissues and bones
- Enzymes: biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions
- Hormones
- Transport
- Motor: there are special proteins that’re involved in movement
nucleotides and nucleic acids
-DNA and RNA which make genes and proteins (N, C, H ,O)
-are the basis of life
-are relevant in disease states
most organs contribute to….
more that one system
what are the 6 organ systems we will study this semester?
- Nervous System
- Integumentary System
- Skeletal System
- Muscular System
- Digestive System
- Urinary System
Broadly what does the nervous system do?
detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses
Broadly what does the integumentary system do?
(made up of the hair, skin, and nails)
encloses all internal body structures and is the site of many sensory receptors
broadly what does the skeletal system do?
supports the body and aids in movement with the help of the muscular system
Broadly what does the muscular system do?
Enables movement with the help of the skeletal system and maintains body temperature
broadly what does the digestive system do?
breaks down and processes food for use, and gets rid of waste from undigested food
broadly what does the urinary system do?
rids the body of waste from the bloodstream, and controls water balance in the body
what is important to know about left and right
when looking AT something they are flipped
R | L
what does superior or cranial mean?
upper or above/toward the head
ex. the shoulder is superior to the elbow
what does inferior mean?
lower or below
ex. the foot is inferior to the knee
what does anterior/ventral mean?
front
ex. the kneecap is on the anterior/ventral side of the leg
what does posterior/dorsal mean?
back
ex.) the shoulder blades are on the dorsal side of the trunk
my ass is on the posterior side of my body
what does medial mean?
toward the midline of the body
ex. the thumb is on the medial side of the hand
what does lateral mean?
away from the midline of the body
ex. the pinky is on the lateral side of the hand
what does proximal mean?
toward or nearest the trunk of the point of origin of the part
ex. the proximal end of the thigh bone is at the hip
what does distal mean?
away or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin for the part
ex. the hand is located at the distal end of the arm
what are the three anatomical planes?
- sagittal: divides the body or organ vertically into left and right sides
- frontal/coronal: divides the body vertically into anterior and posterior sides
- transverse: divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions
