Lecture #5

Question 1

There are two stages of body interaction with oxygen - these are?

Answer 1

○ Oxygen supply

Oxygen consumption/expenditure

Question 2

With regard to aerobic fitness, which physiological systems are the primary ones involved?

Answer 2

○ Pulmonary/respiratory
○ Cardiovascular
muscle system

Question 3

What is the definition and mathematical equation for ventilation?

Answer 3

○ Ventilation = frequencyTidal volume
○ Pertains to the air flow or movement of air
Breaths per minutedepth of each breath

Question 4

What happens to ventilation with exercise? (what is its response as work rate increases)

Answer 4

○ Ventilation increases.
§ Goes from 12 breaths per min to rapid breathing or even hyperventilation
Tidal volume becomes greater until breathing rate is considerable, then it levels out or even decreases.

Question 5

What is the definition of diffusion and where does this occur (2 general locations)?

Answer 5

○ It occurs at the lung and cells in the body

Gases move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration-thermodynamically favored, no input energy required

Question 6

What fitness adaptations take place in the lung?

Answer 6

○ Very little adaptations take place
○ Total lung capacity increases
○ Diaphragm endurance improves
Not much help with aerobic fitness.

Question 7

Generally speaking, is the lung a rate limiting factor to one’s physical performance? Why or why not?

Answer 7

○ The lung is a super organ.
		○ Already large enough
		○ Very little room to expand
		○ They are not the rate limiting factor to physical performance
No need to adapt significantly.

Question 8

What is the basic role of the heart and how do we measure its ability to fulfill this role?

Answer 8

○ Acts as a pump

Work measured as output

Question 9

What is the definition and mathematical equation for cardiac output?

Answer 9

cardiac output = heart rate*stroke volume

Question 10

• How does HR and SV differ in response to exercise? Why?

Answer 10

○ Heart rate increases nearly linearly until it peaks. SV climbs, peaks, but then falls as exercise occurs.

Question 11

• What differences would you expect to see in the methods of achieving cardiac output between an aerobically fit and a sedentary individual?

Answer 11

○ Same cardiac output.
○ Fit: achieves cardiac output by increased SV
○ Sedentary: achieves cardiac output by heartrate.

Question 12

• How do arteries and arterioles differ in their duties?

Answer 12

○ Arteries- away from heart
§ Conduit for moving blood away from heart
○ Arterioles
§ Can contract and dilate. Also, small.

Question 13

• Which vessels increase in density with exercise and are responsible for diffusion?

Answer 13

○ Increase muscle capillary density. Capillaries are the location for diffusion.

Question 14

• What unique feature do veins have which allow it to be called, along with muscle, the “2nd heart” or “2nd pump?”

Answer 14

○ One way valves. Prevents backflow.

Question 15

• What blood vessel response to exercise creates a redistribution of blood in the body?

Answer 15

○ Arterioles

§ Responsible for contraction and dilation

Question 16

• What are the components of blood that are involved with aerobic fitness?

Answer 16

○ Plasma

○ Red blood cells

Question 17

• How does blood adapt to aerobic training? Why are these adaptations beneficial?

Answer 17

○ Plasma increases a ton, red blood cells increase some. The plasma increase allows thinner blood, which is preferable to pump, and the increase in red blood cells allows oxygenation and carrying of co2.

Question 18

• What is hematocrit?

Answer 18

○ A sample of blood, which represents the proportionality of the components of the blood.

Question 19

• Who has thinner blood, an aerobically fit individual or a sedentary individual? Why?

Answer 19

○ An aerobically fit individual because they have an increased plasma:red blood cell ratio.

Question 20

• What components of the muscle are primary contributors to this task?

Answer 20

○ Myoglobin
○ Mitochondria
○ Aerobic enzymes

Question 21

• What adaptations would I see if I were to look under a microscope at muscle from an active vs. sedentary individual?

Answer 21

○ Myoglobin increases dramatically
○ Mitochondria size and number increase
○ Aerobic enzymes increase
○ Muscle capillary density increases

Question 22

• How do oxygen, ATP synthesis and caloric expenditure tie together?

Answer 22

○ Increase in oxygen consumption
○ Increase in atp synthesis
○ Increase in caloric expenditure
○ It takes 1 liter of oxygen to burn up 5 calories.