Lecture #5 Flashcards
There are two stages of body interaction with oxygen - these are?
○ Oxygen supply
Oxygen consumption/expenditure
With regard to aerobic fitness, which physiological systems are the primary ones involved?
○ Pulmonary/respiratory
○ Cardiovascular
muscle system
What is the definition and mathematical equation for ventilation?
○ Ventilation = frequencyTidal volume
○ Pertains to the air flow or movement of air
Breaths per minutedepth of each breath
What happens to ventilation with exercise? (what is its response as work rate increases)
○ Ventilation increases.
§ Goes from 12 breaths per min to rapid breathing or even hyperventilation
Tidal volume becomes greater until breathing rate is considerable, then it levels out or even decreases.
What is the definition of diffusion and where does this occur (2 general locations)?
○ It occurs at the lung and cells in the body
Gases move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration-thermodynamically favored, no input energy required
What fitness adaptations take place in the lung?
○ Very little adaptations take place
○ Total lung capacity increases
○ Diaphragm endurance improves
Not much help with aerobic fitness.
Generally speaking, is the lung a rate limiting factor to one’s physical performance? Why or why not?
○ The lung is a super organ. ○ Already large enough ○ Very little room to expand ○ They are not the rate limiting factor to physical performance No need to adapt significantly.
What is the basic role of the heart and how do we measure its ability to fulfill this role?
○ Acts as a pump
Work measured as output
What is the definition and mathematical equation for cardiac output?
cardiac output = heart rate*stroke volume
• How does HR and SV differ in response to exercise? Why?
○ Heart rate increases nearly linearly until it peaks. SV climbs, peaks, but then falls as exercise occurs.
• What differences would you expect to see in the methods of achieving cardiac output between an aerobically fit and a sedentary individual?
○ Same cardiac output.
○ Fit: achieves cardiac output by increased SV
○ Sedentary: achieves cardiac output by heartrate.
• How do arteries and arterioles differ in their duties?
○ Arteries- away from heart
§ Conduit for moving blood away from heart
○ Arterioles
§ Can contract and dilate. Also, small.
• Which vessels increase in density with exercise and are responsible for diffusion?
○ Increase muscle capillary density. Capillaries are the location for diffusion.
• What unique feature do veins have which allow it to be called, along with muscle, the “2nd heart” or “2nd pump?”
○ One way valves. Prevents backflow.
• What blood vessel response to exercise creates a redistribution of blood in the body?
○ Arterioles
§ Responsible for contraction and dilation
• What are the components of blood that are involved with aerobic fitness?
○ Plasma
○ Red blood cells
• How does blood adapt to aerobic training? Why are these adaptations beneficial?
○ Plasma increases a ton, red blood cells increase some. The plasma increase allows thinner blood, which is preferable to pump, and the increase in red blood cells allows oxygenation and carrying of co2.
• What is hematocrit?
○ A sample of blood, which represents the proportionality of the components of the blood.
• Who has thinner blood, an aerobically fit individual or a sedentary individual? Why?
○ An aerobically fit individual because they have an increased plasma:red blood cell ratio.
• What components of the muscle are primary contributors to this task?
○ Myoglobin
○ Mitochondria
○ Aerobic enzymes
• What adaptations would I see if I were to look under a microscope at muscle from an active vs. sedentary individual?
○ Myoglobin increases dramatically
○ Mitochondria size and number increase
○ Aerobic enzymes increase
○ Muscle capillary density increases
• How do oxygen, ATP synthesis and caloric expenditure tie together?
○ Increase in oxygen consumption
○ Increase in atp synthesis
○ Increase in caloric expenditure
○ It takes 1 liter of oxygen to burn up 5 calories.
