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Marine Ecosystems > Lecture 5 & 6 - The Rocky Shore Ecosystem > Flashcards

Lecture 5 & 6 - The Rocky Shore Ecosystem Flashcards

1
Q

Explain a high energy rocky shore?

A

This is a high energy shoreline, high erosive forces such as waves, tides and wind

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2
Q

What is a low energy rocky shore?

A

Low energy shoreline, low erosional processes, small fetch and a sheltered shore probably with sandy beaches

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3
Q

What are the zones on the rocky shore (based on tidal coverage) from top to bottom and a brief explanation

A

Supralittoral - terrestial
Littoral Fringe - wave splash (saline)
Eulittoral - tidal zone
Sublittoral - Always covered in water

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4
Q

Explain the divisions of the the Eulittoral zone

A

Upper - MHWN to EHWS
Middle MLWN to MHWN
Lower ELWS to MLWN

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5
Q

What are the two types of Primary producers

A

Lichens

Macroalgea (seaweeds)

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6
Q

Where are the Lichens found

A

Middle to supra, areas where there is decent exposure time

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7
Q

What are the three growth forms

A

Crustose
foliose
fruticose

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8
Q

What are lichens (explanation of relationship too)

A

there are in fact a combination a combination of two species one algea and one fungie. They have a symbiotic relationship of which both benefits.

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9
Q

Explain the ecology of Lichens

A

The algea is embedded in the fungal hyphae, fungus takes up water and nutrients for algea and the algea povides organic carbon for fungus,

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10
Q

Why are Lichens important on the ecology of the rocky shore

A

They are the colonisers

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11
Q

Explain the two methods of reproduction by Lichens

A

Spore - The fungus grows a spore forming body, then the spores are released and they are very resilient which make for perfect colonisation. Bacteria joins the party after

Fragmentation - not sexual reproduction but growth by expansion

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12
Q

where are macroalgea found

A

Sublittoral to upperlittoral, anywhere where they are immersed at least once in the tidal cycle

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13
Q

Explain the three (and one extra) components of macroaglea

A

Holdfast (anchor)
Stipe (stem)
Frond (lamina, thallus, blade)

Bladders (for flotation when high tide)

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14
Q

Explain the 3 ecological adaptations of macroalgea

A

For Water loss
> Mucilaenous coast (oily coat) and channeled thallus
For Light loss (must be submerged for photosyn to occur
> Some spp. have bladders for bouyancy
> Photosynthetic pigments: Chlorophyll a + accessory pigments

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15
Q

Explain the growth of macroalgeal (2 forms)

A

> Simple cell division

> Meristematic cell division at the algal apex, division of specialised cells

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16
Q

Explain the reproduction of macroalgea

A

Haploid gametophytes produce gametes, combine to form a diploid zygote, grows into a diploid organism, the sporophyte. Meiosis in the spohorophyte leads to production of haploid spores which grown into a gametophyte

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17
Q

What is a haploid gametophyte

A

a organism with a single set of chromosomes

18
Q

What is a diploid zygote

A

An organism with two sets of chromosomes (just like us!)

19
Q

Give the sexual reproduction story of Porphyra a red macroalgea

A

the spores germinate when they reach the shell of a mollusc, grows into a filament, the sporophyte, which releases spores into water. These spores attach to rocks and grow into a gamephyte

20
Q

Give the sexual reproduction story of Laminaria, a brown macroalgea

A

Dominant form is the sporophyte, releases flagellate spores from a sporangium, spores settle on rocks and grown into small filamentous gametophytes. Male gametophytes release microgametes, female gametophytes grow an oogonium containing a macrogamete which is fertilised by the male microgamete. This fertilised egg grows into a zygote. The sporophyte then grows out of the zygote, i.e. out of the gametophyte.

21
Q

Name the 2 main consumer spp. found on the rocky shore in latin (english names in brackets)

A

Crustacea (crabs)

Mollusca (Limpits/snails)

22
Q

What are the main form of Mollusca spp. and the three types therein

A

Mainly the gastropoda spp. (snails) the three types are:
Trochidae - Topshells
Patellidea - Limpits
Littorinidae - Winkles

23
Q

Location of Mollusca spp.

A

Sublittoral to upper littoral and sometimes into the littoral fringe, range depends on the species, either stress tolerant or competitors resistant to predation

24
Q

Describe the growth form and the five specific bits of mollusca spp.

A

these are shelled organisms to reduce dessication and soft bodies insides with a strong muscular foot to hold on to rock or algea, compontents include:
Tentacle
Syphon
Eye
Foot
Operculum (shell like structure to ‘close the door’

25
Q

What are adaptations of Mollusca spp to minimize water loss

A

Thick shell, operculum

26
Q

What are adaptations of mollusca spp. to temperature fluctuations

A

> large surface area of shells
ridges on shells
Tolerance of enzymes to high temp (dont denature) and low temp (due to their slow metabolism)

27
Q

What are the adaptations of mullusca spp.

A

> Thick shell and operculum
Camouflage
Position on the shore (hard to reach places)
Strong muscular foot of limpits (hard to prise off)

28
Q

Explain the reproduction of mollusca spp.

A

Marine molluscs on the whole are Gonochoristic (male and female, producing two types of gametes) although some are one or the other, alteration of sex occours a small male grows into a larger female. Larvae are planktonic called veliger larvae

29
Q

What are the two types of Crustacea

A

Cirripedia - barnacles non moving

Decapoda - shrimps and prawns and crabs (benthic crawlers)

30
Q

Draw a anatomy of a barnacle (cirripedia spp.)

A 
Cant do it on here but should include the
Mouth
Stomach
muscle
Cement gland
eggs
testis
mantle cavity
intestine
muscle
penis
feeding legs
31
Q

What are adaptations of cirripedia spp. to minimise water loss?

A

Cacerous plates which close over aperture during emersion (exposure, no water covering)

32
Q

What are adaptations of cirripedia spp. to temp fluxs

A

well adapted to variations in temp, enzymes can tolerate high temps, in a pale colour to minimise heat absorption

33
Q

Adaptations of cirripedia spp. to predation

A

Cement glad to facilitate fastening to rocky substratum, calcerious plates

34
Q

Explain reproduction of the cirripedia

A

The male barnicle has the largest penis in the world (based on size) female broods fertilised eggs which hatch into a cypris larvae and swim as zooplankton until settlement on a new substratum, settlement possibly caused by chemical stimuli including pheromones from other barnacles! how mad is that!

35
Q

Explain the ecology of Reptania spp (crabs)

A

Have gills, exoskeleton,

36
Q

What are the adaptations of reptania spp. to water loss

A

Not really anything, exoskeleton isnt great at preventing water loss although not really needed as aquatic lifestyle

37
Q

Adaptations to temperature variation of reptania spp.

A

Not very tolerant to temperature change, relies on stability of the water column

38
Q

Adaptations to predation of reptania spp.

A

> Carapace
exoskeleton
camouflage
location on the rocky shore

39
Q

Adaptations to predator lifestyle of reptania spp.

A

> Compound eyes (move differently)
Chemical receptors (to aid food selection)
Touch receptors (to feel movement)

40
Q

Sexual reproduction of reptania spp.

A

Gonochoristic -> Sexual reproduction

Mating involves courtship and courtship sounds produced. Transfer of sperm from male to female
Female in “berry form” broods fertilised eggs
Eggs hatch into zoea larvae which is planktonic.
Larvae develops and settles to seafloor
and develops into adult crab

41
Q

what stresses increase as you move up the rocky shore

A

Temperature
Salinity
Desiccation
Food Supply

42
Q

What stresses increase as you move down the rocky shore

A

Wave action
Competition
Predation

Marine Ecosystems (10 decks)

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