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Marine Ecosystems > Lecture 1 & 2 - Introduction to Marine Ecosystems > Flashcards

Lecture 1 & 2 - Introduction to Marine Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the earth with regards to oceanic life at 3.9 BBP

A

Violent unstable earth covered almost entirely by water, high level of UV light. Atmosphere consisted of reducing gases such as Carbon Monoxide, Ammonia but no Oxygen

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2
Q

What life formed 3.9 BBP

A

The harsh environment saw the development of Cynobacteria

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3
Q

What occurred at 2.5 BBP

A

Continents formed, oxygen levels increased due to high activity of first primary producers and endosymbosis formed the first eukaryotes –> multi-cellular organisms started to form

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4
Q

Define Endosymbiosis

A

This is when one cell “engulfs” another cell, the engulfed cell forms a “factory” this is to say it becomes specialized such a chloroplast.

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5
Q

What occurred at 0.57 BBP (give an example too)

A

The first organisms with primitive skeletons such as Anomalocaris - first predators

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6
Q

What is the Burgess Shales in Canada

A

These are fossil records of the earliest form of multicellular organisms at around 530 MBP, these organisms had calcium carbonate of calcium phosphate exoskeletons

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7
Q

What is the origins of life?

A

RNA, self replicating chains of chemical compounds such as amino acids and proteins from geothermal energy in hot rocks and hydrothermal energy

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8
Q

What proved the formation of self replicating compounds was possible?

A

L. Miller and C. Urey in 1953, with there simple experiment they showed they managed to create self replicating chemical compounds

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9
Q

What is the Endosymbiot thoery

A

This is the theory that bacteria and cyanobacteria (prokaryotes) where englufed (through endosymbosis) and formed the first mitochondria and cholorplasts

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10
Q

Explain the structure and importance of a Stromatolites

A

These are still found in the world today of the coast of AUS, they consist of cyanobacteria, heterotophic bacteria, small sized sediment particles, calcuim carbonate and calcium phosphate precipitated from the sea water by bacteria

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11
Q

How old are the oldest stromatolites

A

3.7 MBP

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12
Q

List the seven fundemental properties of water which are key to life in the oceans

A 
High specific heat capacity 
Surface tension
Salinity
Oxygen content
Carbon Dioxide
Density 
Light
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13
Q

Explain the high specific heat capacity of water

A

This is real high! almost 25x more than air, which means it takes more heat to get a change of just 1 degree C, making a stable environment

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14
Q

Explain surface tension of water

A

This is key for organisms but also key on a cellular level for cellular processes

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15
Q

Explain the O2 content of the water

A

This is pretty low, 50x less than air which make conditions ideal for photosynthesis

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16
Q

Explain the CO2 content of water

A

This is where 98% of the worlds CO2 is stored which means its just fantastic news for photosynthesis!

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17
Q

Density in water

A

Can range from 1 to 1.02 g/cm which provides support for organism (which is why whales can explode on land hah)

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18
Q

Explain light

A

It varies with depth! the eupotic zone ends where only 1% of penetrated light remains, also though red light is absorbed preferentially due to high penetration (what makes seaweeds brown / red)

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19
Q

Explain the depth zones of the Ocean (4) on average

A

0-200 Euphotic Zone
200 - 1000 Aphotic Zone
ALL IN THE 0-1000 palegic zone
1000-4000 Bathyplagic

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20
Q

Explain salinity in the water

A

varies from 0 to 35, sometimes over, creates niche

21
Q

What are the zones of the ocean floor from top to bottom (5)

A 
Benthic zone (extreme enviroment)
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal Zone
Hadal Zone
Trench (extreme enviroment)
22
Q

Define pelagic

A

Open ocean water coloum

23
Q

Define benthic

A

Associated with bottom substrate, i.e. sea floor

24
Q

Define Protozoa

A

Single celled animals

25
Q

Define Metazoa

A

Multi celled organism

26
Q

What are the 5 functional groups of the Pelagic zone

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Phyotoplankton
zooplankton
Nekton
27
Q

Tell me about Viruses in the Pelagic zone!

A

0.02 to 0.2µm, regulate through depth

28
Q

Tell me about Bacteria in Pelagic zone :)

A

10^3 to 10^5 cells per ml. These comes in two forms Rods or Cocci, are are POM (particle) and DOM (disolved matter) recyclers, grazed upon by nanoplankton. Anoxic Processes

29
Q

What can Pytoplankton and zooplankton not do that nekton can

A

Swim against the current! the just go with the flow

30
Q

Little information on Phytoplankton and the four types!

A

These are primary producers that cannot swim against the current and come in four types:
Cyanobacteria
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Other - coccolithophorids, prymnesiopythes

31
Q

Get some info out on Cyanobacteria

A 
These contain a range of pigments which are productive at different wave lengths which are 
Chlorophyll a
Phycobilins
B-carotene
xanthophylls
32
Q

Tell me about Diatoms

A 
These have pigments:
chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll c (unique to diatoms)
B-carotene
xanthophylls
They are unicelluar but may form chains and reproduce through binary fission and sexual reproduction at critical size and stress levels, species spore and reproduce during adverse conditions
33
Q

Information on Dinoflagellates

A

Have a flagella! (tiny tail used to sorta guide movement) may have thick cellulose plates can be Auto, hetro and mixotrophic and associated with red tides (blooms)

34
Q

The other types of phyotoplankton, give a bit of info

A

Coccolithophorids - unicellular nano plankton, calcareous plates and may have 2 flagella
Prymnesiophytes - unicellular or colonial, 1 flagella

35
Q

What are the 5 types of zooplankton!

A 
Protoza
Cnidarians
Ctenophore
Mollusca
Arthropoda

(eat other zooplankton and phyotoplankton

36
Q

What are the five types of protoza (zooplankton) and some characteristics

A

Protoza are all single-celled

Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates - form coastal swams
Zooflagellates - these account for 80% of nanoplankton
Foraminifera - have a calcerous shell with rhizopodia to trap bacteria and algea
Radiolaria - have a silcate capsule feed on bacteria and algea
Tintinnids - ciliate protozoa, appearance of a bowl vase or tube

37
Q

Information on Cnidarians (zooplankton)

A

Medusaea, tentacles with nematocysts (stinging cell) these are jelly fish! colonial cells with some specialised. also included are corals (not pelagic zone, benthic )

38
Q

information on Ctenophorea

A

Similar to cindarians but have no nematocysts

39
Q

Information on Mollusca

A

These have shells - gastropoda, snails! and come in two forms heteropods and pteropods

40
Q

Information on Arthropoda

A

These are like krill shrimp and have many different forms (but dont think we are gonna need to know for the exam)

41
Q

What are nekton and the four types!

A 
These are pelagic spp. capable of swimming against the current there are four types 
Palagic Fishys (key for industry)
Cephalopods (squid)
Marine Reptiles (turtles)
Marine Mammals (whales)
Pelagic sea birds
42
Q

What are the two ways in which a food web can be controlled!

A

Bottom up control OR Tropic cascade

But in the marine environment it can very often be a mix of the two

43
Q

What is bottom up control?

A

Resource dependant growth, in marine systems this is normally using the availability of the limiting nutrient, in most cases nitrogen.

44
Q

What is Trophic cascade

A

This is top down control from grazing and predation

45
Q

What is the Monod Equation

A

Dont need to know the excat maths, but is essentially as the amount of limiting nutrient increases as does the growth throughout tropic levels, but growth rates will become “saturated” meaning it levels off. Not really too smart

46
Q

Draw a classic food web involving the microbial food web

A 
Cant do it on here but should include (classic)
Piscivores
Planktivors
Zooplankton
Phyotoplankton
AND as well should include (microbial):
Bacteria
DOM
Nutrients
47
Q

Explain coastal upwelling and give an example

A

Upwelling water rich in nutrients comes to surface where light levels are high giving a huge level of primary productivity such as Benguela upwelling, Namibia

48
Q

The Benthic Zone! tell me about it

A

These are a wide range of habitats which may be coastal or deep sea most of which have their own lectures or the key ones do anyways

Marine Ecosystems (10 decks)

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