Lecture 5+6 Flashcards
The layers of the peritoneum?
innervation? pain type? embryo tissue type?
parietal peritoneum- Line the internal surface
somatopleure
innervated by somatic afferents
pain is well localized
visceral peritoneum: overlie the abdominal organs
splanchnopleure
innervated by visceral afferents
pain is poorly localized; discomfort
Ascites
excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Pneumoperitoneum
Abnormal presence of air/gas in the peritoneal cavity
generally due to a ruptured hollow viscus organ
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
Intraperitoneal organs
have a mesentery
stomach liver spleen small intestine (1st part of duodenum) cecum and appendix transverse and sigmoid colon
Primarily Retroperitoneal
posterior body wall behind peritoneum
kidney ureter sympathetic trunks IVC aorta
Secondarily Retroperitoneal
pancreas duodenum (2nd,3rd,4th parts) ascending colon descending colon rectum
Pouch of Morison or hepatorenal recess
most likely space for pathological fluid accumulation in supine patient
Complex I: NADH dehydrogenase
will oxidize NADH and reduce coenzyme Q
bound riboflavin-5-phosphate and iron-sulfur clusters accept and release electrons
pumps 4 protons across the membrane
Complex II: Succinate-Q-Reductase
Will oxidize succinate and reduce CoQ
electrons come from succinate, FAO, or glycerol phosphate shuffle
bound FAD prosthetic group and iron-sulfur clusters
contains binding site for succinate and CoQ
Does not span membrane and does not translocate protons
Complex III: Cytochrome b-c1 complex
Will oxidize CoQ and reduce Cyt-c
spans the membrane
used to pump 4 protons across the membrane
flow of electrons will regenerate CoQ
Complex IV: Cytochrome C Oxidase
oxidize cytochrome c and reduces oxygen to water
O2 is the final electron acceptor
spans the membrane
movement of electrons, allows the movement of 2 protons across the membrane
What is the adenine nucleotide translocase?
what inhibits it?
unidirectional exchange of ATP for ADP (antiport)
atractyloside binds to the outward facing portion of the ANT and inhibits it
bongkrekic acid binds to the inward facing portion of the ANT and inhibits it
ETC will shit down
what do uncouplers do to oxidative phosphorylation?
destroy the proton gradient
decrease ATP synthesis, increase ETC and oxygen consumption
synthetic uncouplers or proton ionophores
lipid soluble act by destroying the proton gradient
examples:
DNP and ASA (aspirin)
Valinomycin: mobile ionophores
antibiotic that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to K
pH gradient is normal, but dissipates the membrane potential
Gramicidin
forms a helical pore through the membrane that makes it permeable to H
UCP-1 themogenin
physiological uncoupler that is expressed in brown adipose tissue
generation of heat or non-shivering form of heat production
dissipates the H+ gradient
Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and atrophy of the optic nerve
usually begins between 25-35; leads to legal blindness
defect in complex I
90% mutated
Deafness induced by aminoglycoside
antibiotics
moderate to profound hearing loss
maternally inherited by mitochondrial rRNA
mutation leads to predisposition to aminoglycoside toxicity
hearing loss will be few day to weeks after administration
Kearns-sayer
deletion within mitochondrial DNA
affects the systems with higher energy requirements
onset before age 20: paralysis of eye muscles and retinal degeneration cardiac problems (CHF) muscle weakness ataxia diabetes or other mental health issue
MELAS
Mitochondrial Myopathy
Encephalopathy
Lactic Acidosis
Stroke-like episodes
Most common mito disease
usually seen around 14-15 years
mutation in Mitochondrial tRNA
MERRF
Myoclonic Epilepsy
Ragged Red Fibers
most common mutation in mito tRNA gene
begin between 6-16 years
can have worsening eye sight, hearing loss, ataxia, muscle weakness, seizures
inhibitors of complex 1 or NADH dehydrogenase
amytal
rotenone
piericidin A
inhibitors of complex III or cytochrome reductase
antimycin A
inhibitors of complex IV or cytochrome c oxidase
cyanide
azide
hydrogen sulfide
carbon monoxide
complex V inhibitor or ATP synthase
oligomycin
inhibition of H+ channeling
synthetic uncouplers of proton gradient
DNP or 2,4 dinitrophenol
ASA or aspirin
dissipate H gradient
