DLA 17+18+19

Question 1

primary VS secondary obesity

Answer 1

primary: caloric imbalance (to many calories)
secondary: due to medical condition (cushing)

Question 2

role of leptin

Answer 2

plays a role in weight gain, appetite suppression, and energy expenditure

regulates inflammatory response, blood pressure, and bone density

long-term signal

Question 3

mutation in leptin gene

Answer 3

hyperphagia and massive obesity

Question 4

role of ghrelin?

Answer 4

a peptide hormone secreted by the stomach; endocrine cells

increase the release of neuropeptide Y, thus hunger

released due to low glucose

short term signal

Question 5

Role of CCK and hunger

Answer 5

cause satiety during a meal and transmit signals to the hypothalamus

short term signal

under expression may lead to over eating

Question 6

metabolic syndrome criteria

Answer 6

elevated fasting glucose levels 
elevated waist circumference
elevated TAGs
reduced HDL
hypertension

Question 7

metabolic changes due to insulin resistance

Answer 7

decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase, thus more TAGs in the blood

increased lipolysis, thus more fatty acids in blood

increased glucose output by liver

increased protein degradation

Question 8

insulin resistance and lipoproteins?

Answer 8

increased VLDL
increased LDL
and decreased HDL

Question 9

Sibutramine

Answer 9

appetite suppressant

Question 10

orlistat

Answer 10

gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor

inhibit the digestion of fats

Question 11

prevention of ARMD

Answer 11

a diet rich in DHA (allows fluidity and binds rhodopsin

and a diet rich in carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin)

Question 12

11- cis retinal

Answer 12

11-cis retinal enters the rods and combines with opsin to form rhodopsin

absorption of photon converts from cis to trans, thus generating an electrical signal

needed for vision

Question 13

Retinoic acid

Answer 13

epithelial growth and differentiation

acts as a transcription factor

Question 14

deficiency of vit A

Answer 14

due to fat free diet or lack of nutrition
malabsorption of fats

night blindness (early symptom)
bitot spots
keratomalacia
dry eye

Question 15

retinoic acid treatment choices

Answer 15

acne or other skin issues

Question 16

Hypervitaminosis A

Answer 16

dry itchy skin
headaches
enlarged liver

can damage fetus, if pregnant

Question 17

Hypervitaminosis D

Answer 17

hypercalcemia
increase in phosphate levels too

ectopic mineralization
calcification of soft tissues

Question 18

deficiency in Vit K

Answer 18

increased prothrombin time

hematuria
melena
bruising
bleeding from gums

Question 19

role of Vit E

Answer 19

prevent peroxidation of membrane lipids
prevents formation of oxidized LDL
binds to free radicals

deficiency: 
hemolytic anemia (abnormal membranes) 
reduced reflexes and gait issues (axonal degeneration)