Lecture 5 Flashcards
before birth, blood leaves the right atrium to bypass the lung through:
Ductus arteriosus and
foramen ovale
A connection between the 6th aortic arch:
Ductus arteriosus
A hole between the right and left atria, allowing blood to pass from the right side to the left side and not ever get pumped into the lungs:
Foramen ovale
Allows blood to skip past the lungs and join up with partially oxygenated blood that is being pumped out of the left ventricle:
Ductus arteriosus
Where does the spent blood from the fetus go?
Umbilical artery
The distal end of the internal iliac artery is an old connection of the _________ which goes towards the placenta
Umbilical artery
Oxygenated blood returning to the fetus returns via the:
Umbilical vein
Where does more oxygen-rich blood pass through on the fetus?
Foramen ovale over to the left side
A pathway from the placenta to the upper region of the IVC bypasses the liver through the:
Ductus Venosus
The _____ umbilical vein eventually degenerates
right
Closes at the moment of birth:
Foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
What closes the foramen ovale?
interatrial flap valve
The umbilical vein becomes the:
round ligament of the liver
Ductus arteriosus turns into what in the adult?
Ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus turns in what in the adult?
Ligamentum venosum
The thinnest, smoothest part of the interatrial wall:
Fossa ovalis
When the foramen ovale fuses into the interatiral wall, it then becomes:
Fossa ovalis
4 functions of the integumentary system:
- protection
- thermoregulation
- sensory
- synthesis
Removal of cellular debris and invading micro-organisms:
Phagocytes
2 types of phagocytes:
Microphages
Macrophages
Natural killer cells adhere to abnormal cells and tear them open with an enzyme called:
Perforin
Responsible for “cell-mediated immunity”
-a specific defense against invading foreign cells:
T-cells
Responsible for “humoral immunity”
-defense by means of antibodies:
B-cells
T-lymphocytes:
Specific antibodies
B-lymphocytes:
Specific antibodies and natural antibodies
Proteins that have the shape of a letter “Y”:
Antibodies
4 types of T-lymhpocytes:
Natural killer
Helper
Memory
Suppressor
Matures in bone marrow
B-lymphocytes
Matures in thymus gland
T-lymphocytes
Made up of 5 antibodies:
IgM
Made up of 2 antibodies :
IgA
Main antibody in blood:
IgG
A new class of antibodies that begins production before birth :
Natural antibodies
Part of a waste removal system that helps clean up dead, dying, and damaged cells of “self”
Natural antibodies
Superficial layer of perineal muscles
Urogenital diaphragm
Intermediate layer of perineal muscles
Pelvic diaphragm
Deep layer of perineal muscles
Transversalis fascia
Hindgut in perineum sympathetic innervation segmental levels:
T10-L2
Hindgut in perineum parasympathetic innervation segmental levels:
Pelvic outflow, S2-4
Sympathetic innervation of bladder:
T12
Parasympathetic innervation of bladder:
Sacral outflow, S2-4
Body-wall branches of internal iliac artery:
- Iliolumbar
- Lateral sacral
- Sup. gluteal
- Inf. gluteal
- Internal pudendal
- Obturator
